A Norwegian army officer directs a helicopter at a live fire exercise on a blustery, minus 8 degrees Fahrenheit afternoon. Ballistics and electronic devices function differently in extreme cold, often jamming or breaking down. A Norwegian army officer directs a helicopter at a live fire exercise More

Hostile Territory: The sparsely populated, frigid, and forbidding landscape along the Malangen fjord in the Norwegian Arctic Circle presents a profound challenge for military forces. Hostile Territory: The sparsely populated, frigid, and forbidding landscape along the Malangen fjord More

Urban warfare is equally difficult in austere and extreme conditions. Norwegian army soldiers practice attacking a remote Arctic outpost in knee-deep snow. Urban warfare is equally difficult in austere and extreme conditions. Norwegian army soldiers practice attacking a remote Arctic outpost More

Avalanche Mapping: A single ski-borne soldier can trigger a catastrophic snowslide. Probing a mountain slope of windblown snow can allow a soldier to tell if an area’s too dangerous to traverse. In March 1986, more than a dozen members of a Norwegian ski patrol died in an avalanche during NATO More