Model estimates for the relationship between marital net fertility (number of children aged 0–4) and the husband’s social class, England and Wales, 1851–1911. Models control for age of woman, age difference between spouses, household status, and wife’s distance from place of birth. Full model results in the online appendix (Table A2). Source: Calculated using Schürer and Higgs (2014) and Day (2018b).