Slavery and mobility in the United States. These figures show binned scatterplots of the CZ–level relationship between the percentage of the population enumerated as slaves in the 1860 census and four alternative mobility measures for children born in the early 1980s: (1) the expected income percentile at age 30 for children born to parents at the 25th percentile of the national income distribution (panel a); (2) the probability that a child born to parents in the bottom income quintile ends up in the top quintile in adulthood (panel b); (3) the rank-rank slope of child and parent income ranks (panel c); and (4) the causal place effect of each CZ on adult income for children born to parents at the 25th income percentile (panel d). To construct each figure, all 499 CZs in the main sample are collapsed into 20 bins based on the share of the population enumerated as slaves, and for each bin the mean of each respective mobility measure is depicted. The first bin contains all CZs with no slaves recorded in the 1860 census, and each subsequent bin contains approximately 15 CZs. Also shown are fitted OLS regressions based on the underlying (ungrouped) CZ–level data