Descriptive statistics for Pennsylvania Marcellus Shale districts by year and treatment status
| . | Preboom (2007) . | Postboom (2011) . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Treatmenta . | Comparisona . | Treatmenta . | Comparisona . | |||||
| . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | |
| Pregnancy-Related Health | |||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Prepregnancy (=1) | .298 | .112 | .329 | .090* | .270 | .115 | .295 | .092† | |
| Any trimester (=1) | .238 | .102 | .261 | .091† | .214 | .097 | .224 | .084 | |
| Prepregnancy weight | |||||||||
| Underweight (=1) | .048 | .031 | .049 | .031 | .044 | .032 | .040 | .022 | |
| Overweight/obese (=1) | .455 | .086 | .462 | .069 | .475 | .088 | .497 | .076* | |
| Gestational weight gain | |||||||||
| Low (=1) | .185 | .074 | .181 | .052 | .191 | .075 | .182 | .050 | |
| High (=1) | .134 | .057 | .136 | .047 | .116 | .052 | .123 | .043 | |
| Prenatal care utilization | |||||||||
| First trimester (=1) | .790 | .082 | .749 | .092*** | .798 | .100 | .764 | .091** | |
| Adequate or more (=1) | .706 | .118 | .753 | .130** | .750 | .111 | .743 | .113 | |
| Birth Outcomes | |||||||||
| Birth weight | |||||||||
| Very low (=1) | .011 | .015 | .008 | .014 | .008 | .011 | .008 | .011 | |
| Low (=1) | .060 | .032 | .058 | .035 | .058 | .032 | .059 | .030 | |
| Premature birth | .078 | .035 | .080 | .035 | .073 | .038 | .071 | .032 | |
| Birthing Parent Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 27.304 | 2.325 | 26.781 | 1.672* | 27.712 | 2.064 | 27.306 | 1.541† | |
| Educational attainment | |||||||||
| High school diploma or less (=1) | .408 | .166 | .473 | .113*** | .374 | .162 | .441 | .134*** | |
| Some college (=1) | .295 | .076 | .295 | .066 | .293 | .084 | .302 | .072 | |
| College degree or more (=1) | .297 | .171 | .231 | .097*** | .333 | .188 | .258 | .124*** | |
| Married (=1) | .632 | .157 | .605 | .119 | .616 | .168 | .591 | .129 | |
| Non-Hispanic White (=1) | .925 | .117 | .922 | .109 | .918 | .127 | .919 | .109 | |
| First birth (=1) | .419 | .078 | .400 | .066* | .419 | .078 | .406 | .066 | |
| District Economic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Income per capita (000s $) | |||||||||
| Mean area income | 52.368 | 29.953 | 47.757 | 14.074 | 52.054 | 30.041 | 45.055 | 13.125* | |
| Mean royalty income | 0.654 | 0.501 | 0.601 | 0.389 | 1.694 | 1.979 | 1.044 | 1.130** | |
| Mean earnings | 41.489 | 19.173 | 39.019 | 9.651 | 41.938 | 20.949 | 37.941 | 9.729† | |
| Mean property sales | 2.637 | 3.845 | 1.889 | 1.841† | 2.018 | 2.747 | 11.126 | 1.582** | |
| % owner-occupied housing | .756 | .094 | .768 | .090 | .747 | .099 | .758 | .092 | |
| Average gross rent ($) | 562.205 | 163.904 | 561.891 | 112.028 | 588.984 | 172.131 | 574.663 | 122.441 | |
| Poverty rate | .123 | .056 | .125 | .049 | .129 | .059 | .132 | .057 | |
| % labor force in agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry | .013 | .018 | .013 | .013 | .011 | .015 | .012 | .013 | |
| District Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Population density (people per/mi.2) | 837.304 | 1,413.600 | 461.533 | 747.421* | 826.175 | 1,383.293 | 458.047 | 731.194* | |
| ln(women aged 15–44) | 7.765 | 0.739 | 7.737 | 0.713 | 7.725 | 0.746 | 7.698 | 0.728 | |
| % population aged 15–44 | .365 | .037 | .371 | .038 | .352 | .040 | .356 | .041 | |
| % women married | .520 | .082 | .525 | .074 | .504 | .084 | .509 | .076 | |
| % cohabiting household heads | .022 | .008 | .023 | .007 | .024 | .008 | .024 | .007 | |
| College enrollment per capita | .050 | .038 | .050 | .037 | .053 | .038 | .054 | .040 | |
| % aged 25+ with college degree | .207 | .116 | .174 | .062** | .222 | .121 | .187 | .066** | |
| % White | .936 | .090 | .933 | .081 | .934 | .099 | .938 | .079 | |
| District Geographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| % land above HYPE shale | .974 | .084 | .051 | .118*** | — | — | |||
| % land above Periphery shale | .024 | .078 | .911 | .138*** | — | — | |||
| Area (mi.2) | 105.680 | 123.440 | 102.596 | 113.324 | — | — | |||
| Region | |||||||||
| Laurel Highlands | .620 | .490 | .204 | .405*** | — | — | |||
| Great Lakes | .000 | .000 | .327 | .471*** | — | — | |||
| Allegheny Mountains and Valleys | .076 | .270 | .020 | .142† | — | — | |||
| Pennsylvania Wilds | .174 | .380 | .102 | .304 | — | — | |||
| Susquehanna Valley | .000 | .000 | .031 | .173* | — | — | |||
| Pennsylvania Dutch | .000 | .000 | .020 | .014† | — | — | |||
| Northeast Mountains and Poconos | .130 | .338 | .296 | .459*** | — | — | |||
| % rural | .571 | .496 | .776 | .419*** | — | — | |||
| % with any coal deposits | .636 | .482 | .439 | .499** | — | — | |||
| District Environmental Characteristics | |||||||||
| % population with public water | .773 | .169 | .712 | .101** | .684 | .148 | .602 | .083*** | |
| Water for mining (millions of gallons/day) | 0.396 | 0.705 | 1.171 | 3.124** | 0.324 | 0.641 | 0.280 | 0.664 | |
| Water for crop irrigation (millions of gallons/day) | 0.120 | 0.067 | 0.174 | 0.175*** | 0.179 | 0.158 | 0.203 | 0.175 | |
| Metal pollution in public water (milligrams/liter) | |||||||||
| Antimony levels | 2.46E–06 | 1.79E–05 | 1.87E–05 | 1.04E–04* | 2.04E–04 | 8.58E–06 | 1.95E–04 | 2.16E–05*** | |
| Arsenic levels | 2.10E–04 | 4.51E–04 | 4.61E–04 | 8.20E–04** | 6.88E–05 | 3.19E–04 | 1.71E–04 | 3.23E–04* | |
| Barium levels | 1.38E–02 | 3.68E–02 | 1.20E–02 | 1.47E–02 | 1.41E–02 | 2.67E–02 | 5.91E–03 | 8.52E–03** | |
| Chromium levels | 2.60E–05 | 1.05E–04 | 1.91E–05 | 4.93E–05 | 2.95E–05 | 1.14E–04 | 6.17E–05 | 3.02E–04 | |
| Mercury levels | 3.21E–10 | 2.95E–10 | 4.80E–10 | 4.75E–09 | 1.33E–06 | 1.05E–05 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | |
| Selenium levels | 6.17E–07 | 4.18E–06 | 1.10E–05 | 4.26E–05** | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 1.10E–05 | 4.91E–05** | |
| Thallium levels | 2.96E–07 | 2.77E–06 | 3.51E–07 | 2.21E–06 | 2.97E–06 | 2.17E–05 | 1.05E–05 | 5.91E–05 | |
| Formaldehyde air pollution (lbs./m3) | 277.434 | 2,807.931 | 945.204 | 6,603.899 | 823.799 | 9,933.991 | 4.741 | 46.667 | |
| Traffic (1,000 miles/capita) | 20.133 | 12.512 | 22.873 | 12.748† | 21.185 | 13.044 | 24.742 | 13.900 | * |
| Local roads added (miles) | 66.669 | 113.872 | 109.063 | 159.044* | 35.429 | 88.375 | 23.060 | 56.694 | |
| PA EPA compliance violations | 2.668 | 6.347 | 3.939 | 16.049 | 8.761 | 17.712 | 8.857 | 31.178 | |
| . | Preboom (2007) . | Postboom (2011) . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Treatmenta . | Comparisona . | Treatmenta . | Comparisona . | |||||
| . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | Mean/ Proportion . | SD . | |
| Pregnancy-Related Health | |||||||||
| Smoking | |||||||||
| Prepregnancy (=1) | .298 | .112 | .329 | .090* | .270 | .115 | .295 | .092† | |
| Any trimester (=1) | .238 | .102 | .261 | .091† | .214 | .097 | .224 | .084 | |
| Prepregnancy weight | |||||||||
| Underweight (=1) | .048 | .031 | .049 | .031 | .044 | .032 | .040 | .022 | |
| Overweight/obese (=1) | .455 | .086 | .462 | .069 | .475 | .088 | .497 | .076* | |
| Gestational weight gain | |||||||||
| Low (=1) | .185 | .074 | .181 | .052 | .191 | .075 | .182 | .050 | |
| High (=1) | .134 | .057 | .136 | .047 | .116 | .052 | .123 | .043 | |
| Prenatal care utilization | |||||||||
| First trimester (=1) | .790 | .082 | .749 | .092*** | .798 | .100 | .764 | .091** | |
| Adequate or more (=1) | .706 | .118 | .753 | .130** | .750 | .111 | .743 | .113 | |
| Birth Outcomes | |||||||||
| Birth weight | |||||||||
| Very low (=1) | .011 | .015 | .008 | .014 | .008 | .011 | .008 | .011 | |
| Low (=1) | .060 | .032 | .058 | .035 | .058 | .032 | .059 | .030 | |
| Premature birth | .078 | .035 | .080 | .035 | .073 | .038 | .071 | .032 | |
| Birthing Parent Characteristics | |||||||||
| Age | 27.304 | 2.325 | 26.781 | 1.672* | 27.712 | 2.064 | 27.306 | 1.541† | |
| Educational attainment | |||||||||
| High school diploma or less (=1) | .408 | .166 | .473 | .113*** | .374 | .162 | .441 | .134*** | |
| Some college (=1) | .295 | .076 | .295 | .066 | .293 | .084 | .302 | .072 | |
| College degree or more (=1) | .297 | .171 | .231 | .097*** | .333 | .188 | .258 | .124*** | |
| Married (=1) | .632 | .157 | .605 | .119 | .616 | .168 | .591 | .129 | |
| Non-Hispanic White (=1) | .925 | .117 | .922 | .109 | .918 | .127 | .919 | .109 | |
| First birth (=1) | .419 | .078 | .400 | .066* | .419 | .078 | .406 | .066 | |
| District Economic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Income per capita (000s $) | |||||||||
| Mean area income | 52.368 | 29.953 | 47.757 | 14.074 | 52.054 | 30.041 | 45.055 | 13.125* | |
| Mean royalty income | 0.654 | 0.501 | 0.601 | 0.389 | 1.694 | 1.979 | 1.044 | 1.130** | |
| Mean earnings | 41.489 | 19.173 | 39.019 | 9.651 | 41.938 | 20.949 | 37.941 | 9.729† | |
| Mean property sales | 2.637 | 3.845 | 1.889 | 1.841† | 2.018 | 2.747 | 11.126 | 1.582** | |
| % owner-occupied housing | .756 | .094 | .768 | .090 | .747 | .099 | .758 | .092 | |
| Average gross rent ($) | 562.205 | 163.904 | 561.891 | 112.028 | 588.984 | 172.131 | 574.663 | 122.441 | |
| Poverty rate | .123 | .056 | .125 | .049 | .129 | .059 | .132 | .057 | |
| % labor force in agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry | .013 | .018 | .013 | .013 | .011 | .015 | .012 | .013 | |
| District Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| Population density (people per/mi.2) | 837.304 | 1,413.600 | 461.533 | 747.421* | 826.175 | 1,383.293 | 458.047 | 731.194* | |
| ln(women aged 15–44) | 7.765 | 0.739 | 7.737 | 0.713 | 7.725 | 0.746 | 7.698 | 0.728 | |
| % population aged 15–44 | .365 | .037 | .371 | .038 | .352 | .040 | .356 | .041 | |
| % women married | .520 | .082 | .525 | .074 | .504 | .084 | .509 | .076 | |
| % cohabiting household heads | .022 | .008 | .023 | .007 | .024 | .008 | .024 | .007 | |
| College enrollment per capita | .050 | .038 | .050 | .037 | .053 | .038 | .054 | .040 | |
| % aged 25+ with college degree | .207 | .116 | .174 | .062** | .222 | .121 | .187 | .066** | |
| % White | .936 | .090 | .933 | .081 | .934 | .099 | .938 | .079 | |
| District Geographic Characteristics | |||||||||
| % land above HYPE shale | .974 | .084 | .051 | .118*** | — | — | |||
| % land above Periphery shale | .024 | .078 | .911 | .138*** | — | — | |||
| Area (mi.2) | 105.680 | 123.440 | 102.596 | 113.324 | — | — | |||
| Region | |||||||||
| Laurel Highlands | .620 | .490 | .204 | .405*** | — | — | |||
| Great Lakes | .000 | .000 | .327 | .471*** | — | — | |||
| Allegheny Mountains and Valleys | .076 | .270 | .020 | .142† | — | — | |||
| Pennsylvania Wilds | .174 | .380 | .102 | .304 | — | — | |||
| Susquehanna Valley | .000 | .000 | .031 | .173* | — | — | |||
| Pennsylvania Dutch | .000 | .000 | .020 | .014† | — | — | |||
| Northeast Mountains and Poconos | .130 | .338 | .296 | .459*** | — | — | |||
| % rural | .571 | .496 | .776 | .419*** | — | — | |||
| % with any coal deposits | .636 | .482 | .439 | .499** | — | — | |||
| District Environmental Characteristics | |||||||||
| % population with public water | .773 | .169 | .712 | .101** | .684 | .148 | .602 | .083*** | |
| Water for mining (millions of gallons/day) | 0.396 | 0.705 | 1.171 | 3.124** | 0.324 | 0.641 | 0.280 | 0.664 | |
| Water for crop irrigation (millions of gallons/day) | 0.120 | 0.067 | 0.174 | 0.175*** | 0.179 | 0.158 | 0.203 | 0.175 | |
| Metal pollution in public water (milligrams/liter) | |||||||||
| Antimony levels | 2.46E–06 | 1.79E–05 | 1.87E–05 | 1.04E–04* | 2.04E–04 | 8.58E–06 | 1.95E–04 | 2.16E–05*** | |
| Arsenic levels | 2.10E–04 | 4.51E–04 | 4.61E–04 | 8.20E–04** | 6.88E–05 | 3.19E–04 | 1.71E–04 | 3.23E–04* | |
| Barium levels | 1.38E–02 | 3.68E–02 | 1.20E–02 | 1.47E–02 | 1.41E–02 | 2.67E–02 | 5.91E–03 | 8.52E–03** | |
| Chromium levels | 2.60E–05 | 1.05E–04 | 1.91E–05 | 4.93E–05 | 2.95E–05 | 1.14E–04 | 6.17E–05 | 3.02E–04 | |
| Mercury levels | 3.21E–10 | 2.95E–10 | 4.80E–10 | 4.75E–09 | 1.33E–06 | 1.05E–05 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | |
| Selenium levels | 6.17E–07 | 4.18E–06 | 1.10E–05 | 4.26E–05** | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 | 1.10E–05 | 4.91E–05** | |
| Thallium levels | 2.96E–07 | 2.77E–06 | 3.51E–07 | 2.21E–06 | 2.97E–06 | 2.17E–05 | 1.05E–05 | 5.91E–05 | |
| Formaldehyde air pollution (lbs./m3) | 277.434 | 2,807.931 | 945.204 | 6,603.899 | 823.799 | 9,933.991 | 4.741 | 46.667 | |
| Traffic (1,000 miles/capita) | 20.133 | 12.512 | 22.873 | 12.748† | 21.185 | 13.044 | 24.742 | 13.900 | * |
| Local roads added (miles) | 66.669 | 113.872 | 109.063 | 159.044* | 35.429 | 88.375 | 23.060 | 56.694 | |
| PA EPA compliance violations | 2.668 | 6.347 | 3.939 | 16.049 | 8.761 | 17.712 | 8.857 | 31.178 | |
Notes: The table presents two-tailed tests of differences between PA districts with 51+% of their area above HYPE shale and PA districts with 51+% of their area above Periphery shale within each year.
Treatment districts have 51+% of their land above the Marcellus HYPE (n = 184), and comparison districts have 51+% of their land above the Periphery (n = 98) of the Marcellus Shale formation.
p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001