Table 2

Regressions predicting the log of 1940 income score

Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5Model 6
Complexion (ref. = dark)       
 Light 0.095*  0.092* 0.076** 0.070* 0.059 
  (0.039)  (0.037) (0.029) (0.030) (0.036) 
 Other 0.022  0.014 −0.005 −0.021 −0.013 
 (0.031)  (0.031) (0.030) (0.030) (0.032) 
Arrival Age 0.019** 0.021** 0.021** 0.028*** 0.029*** 0.022** 
 (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.008) 
Arrival Age Squared −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** 
 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) 
Decade of Arrival (ref. = 1910–1920)       
 1921–1930 0.100*** 0.068* 0.039 0.061* 0.069** 0.072* 
  (0.026) (0.027) (0.028) (0.024) (0.024) (0.032) 
 1931–1940 0.152*** 0.104** 0.078* 0.064 0.077* 0.105** 
 (0.042) (0.036) (0.038) (0.033) (0.032) (0.040) 
Premigration Occupation (ref. = unskilled)       
 White collar  0.046 0.044 0.03 0.023 0.037 
   (0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.033) (0.034) 
 Skilled  0.084* 0.086* 0.062* 0.083** 0.063 
   (0.032) (0.035) (0.030) (0.030) (0.033) 
 Farmer  −0.020 −0.023 −0.030 −0.039 −0.032 
   (0.054) (0.053) (0.047) (0.046) (0.054) 
 Semiskilled  0.032 0.032 0.010 0.021 0.025 
  (0.035) (0.036) (0.035) (0.035) (0.037) 
Literate (ref. = no)  0.166*** 0.149*** 0.106* 0.104* 0.124** 
  (0.041) (0.043) (0.041) (0.043) (0.046) 
Previous U.S. Trips (ref. = no)  0.050* 0.052* 0.036 0.032 0.029 
  (0.020) (0.021) (0.019) (0.019) (0.021) 
Married (ref. = single)   0.003 0.004 0.004 −0.004 
   (0.021) (0.021) (0.023) (0.023) 
Arrived With Others (ref. = no)   −0.051 −0.044 −0.059* −0.042 
   (0.029) (0.025) (0.025) (0.024) 
Region of Birth (ref. = North)       
 Center-West   0.029 0.027 0.034 0.022 
    (0.025) (0.024) (0.025) (0.023) 
 Center and South   0.03 0.009 0.014 −0.016 
   (0.042) (0.032) (0.034) (0.037) 
Educational Attainment in 1940 (ref. = no school)       
 Grades 1–8    0.113*** 0.112*** 0.109*** 
     (0.023) (0.026) (0.028) 
 Beyond 8th grade    0.395*** 0.404*** 0.392*** 
    (0.036) (0.041) (0.035) 
Lives in Southwest (1940)    −0.332***  −0.356*** 
    (0.056)  (0.057) 
Urban Status (1940)    0.244*** 0.242*** 0.224*** 
    (0.053) (0.059) (0.052) 
Height (in cm)      0.001 
      (0.001) 
N 2,832 2,832 2,832 2,832 2,499 2,348 
R2 .07 .085 .091 .252 .209 .251 
Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5Model 6
Complexion (ref. = dark)       
 Light 0.095*  0.092* 0.076** 0.070* 0.059 
  (0.039)  (0.037) (0.029) (0.030) (0.036) 
 Other 0.022  0.014 −0.005 −0.021 −0.013 
 (0.031)  (0.031) (0.030) (0.030) (0.032) 
Arrival Age 0.019** 0.021** 0.021** 0.028*** 0.029*** 0.022** 
 (0.007) (0.006) (0.007) (0.007) (0.007) (0.008) 
Arrival Age Squared −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** −0.001*** 
 (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) (0.000) 
Decade of Arrival (ref. = 1910–1920)       
 1921–1930 0.100*** 0.068* 0.039 0.061* 0.069** 0.072* 
  (0.026) (0.027) (0.028) (0.024) (0.024) (0.032) 
 1931–1940 0.152*** 0.104** 0.078* 0.064 0.077* 0.105** 
 (0.042) (0.036) (0.038) (0.033) (0.032) (0.040) 
Premigration Occupation (ref. = unskilled)       
 White collar  0.046 0.044 0.03 0.023 0.037 
   (0.033) (0.033) (0.032) (0.033) (0.034) 
 Skilled  0.084* 0.086* 0.062* 0.083** 0.063 
   (0.032) (0.035) (0.030) (0.030) (0.033) 
 Farmer  −0.020 −0.023 −0.030 −0.039 −0.032 
   (0.054) (0.053) (0.047) (0.046) (0.054) 
 Semiskilled  0.032 0.032 0.010 0.021 0.025 
  (0.035) (0.036) (0.035) (0.035) (0.037) 
Literate (ref. = no)  0.166*** 0.149*** 0.106* 0.104* 0.124** 
  (0.041) (0.043) (0.041) (0.043) (0.046) 
Previous U.S. Trips (ref. = no)  0.050* 0.052* 0.036 0.032 0.029 
  (0.020) (0.021) (0.019) (0.019) (0.021) 
Married (ref. = single)   0.003 0.004 0.004 −0.004 
   (0.021) (0.021) (0.023) (0.023) 
Arrived With Others (ref. = no)   −0.051 −0.044 −0.059* −0.042 
   (0.029) (0.025) (0.025) (0.024) 
Region of Birth (ref. = North)       
 Center-West   0.029 0.027 0.034 0.022 
    (0.025) (0.024) (0.025) (0.023) 
 Center and South   0.03 0.009 0.014 −0.016 
   (0.042) (0.032) (0.034) (0.037) 
Educational Attainment in 1940 (ref. = no school)       
 Grades 1–8    0.113*** 0.112*** 0.109*** 
     (0.023) (0.026) (0.028) 
 Beyond 8th grade    0.395*** 0.404*** 0.392*** 
    (0.036) (0.041) (0.035) 
Lives in Southwest (1940)    −0.332***  −0.356*** 
    (0.056)  (0.057) 
Urban Status (1940)    0.244*** 0.242*** 0.224*** 
    (0.053) (0.059) (0.052) 
Height (in cm)      0.001 
      (0.001) 
N 2,832 2,832 2,832 2,832 2,499 2,348 
R2 .07 .085 .091 .252 .209 .251 

Notes: Standard errors, clustered by county of residence in 1940, are shown in parentheses. All models include fixed effects for port of entry. Coefficients for “missing” categories are suppressed. Model 5 limits the sample to those living in the Southwest, and Model 6 is limited to those aged 18 or older.

p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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