Table 2

Estimated coefficients of cure models for adjusted parities 1, 4, and 8

Adjusted Parity 1Adjusted Parity 4Adjusted Parity 8
CovariateCure FractionScaleShapeCure FractionScaleShapeCure FractionScaleShape
Age Group (ref. = 30–34)          
 20–24 −0.077*** 0.248*** 0.406***       
 25–29 −0.183*** 0.131*** 0.191*** −0.188*** 0.170*** 0.208***    
 35–39 0.616*** −0.177*** −0.184*** 0.559*** −0.228*** −0.211*** 0.358*** −0.201*** −0.186 
 40–44 1.715*** −0.450*** −0.401*** 1.602*** −0.544*** −0.443*** 1.593*** −0.462*** −0.415 
 45–49 3.048*** −0.375*** −0.670*** 3.361*** −0.502*** −0.653*** 3.691*** −0.588*** −0.624 
Age Difference From Spouse −0.010*** 0.000 0.006*** −0.024*** 0.005*** 0.006*** −0.016*** 0.003*** 0.003 
Multiple Birth 0.215*** −0.200*** 0.010 −0.085 −0.157*** −0.014 −0.049 −0.135*** −0.012 
Year (ref. = 1895–1899)          
 1885–1889 −0.296*** −0.019*** −0.018*** −0.266*** 0.003* −0.007** −0.196*** −0.007** −0.021 
 1890–1894 −0.259*** 0.008*** −0.005** −0.229*** 0.014*** −0.006** −0.143*** 0.018*** −0.002 
 1900–1904 0.063*** −0.014*** −0.022*** 0.053*** 0.002 −0.008*** 0.037** 0.014*** 0.003 
 1905–1909 0.141*** 0.002** 0.007*** 0.167*** −0.017*** −0.010*** 0.178*** −0.001 0.006 
Year–Multiple Interactions (ref. = 1895–1899 × twin)          
 1885–1889 × twin −0.079 0.014 −0.003 −0.147 −0.007 −0.042** −0.047 −0.037* −0.054* 
 1890–1894 × twin −0.135** 0.002 −0.015 −0.090 −0.002 −0.018 −0.170 −0.031* −0.027 
 1900–1904 × twin 0.063*** −0.014*** −0.022*** 0.053*** 0.002 −0.008*** 0.037** 0.014*** 0.003 
 1905–1909 × twin 0.141*** 0.002** 0.007*** 0.167*** −0.017*** −0.010*** 0.178*** −0.001 0.006 
Region (ref. = South)          
 Northeast 0.512*** −0.051*** −0.058*** 0.410*** −0.026*** −0.041*** 0.158*** 0.002 −0.009* 
 Midwest 0.467*** −0.051*** −0.040*** 0.431*** −0.045*** −0.035*** 0.171*** −0.024*** −0.011** 
 West 0.568*** −0.058*** −0.056*** 0.498*** −0.048*** −0.061*** 0.109*** −0.029*** −0.029*** 
Region–Multiple Interactions (ref. = South × twin)          
 Northeast × twin 0.181** −0.012 −0.027* 0.213** −0.001 −0.020 0.044 −0.027 −0.067* 
 Midwest × twin 0.214*** −0.013 −0.009 0.132 −0.011 −0.008 0.071 −0.028 −0.071** 
 West × twin 0.230** 0.003 −0.033 0.248* 0.017 0.012 −0.297 −0.066* −0.163*** 
Spouse's Occupation (ref. = farmer)          
 Nonmanual worker 0.626*** −0.091*** −0.047*** 0.498*** −0.053*** −0.042*** 0.397*** −0.035*** −0.039*** 
 Manual worker 0.273*** −0.039*** −0.026*** 0.133*** −0.031*** −0.027*** 0.129*** −0.028*** −0.028*** 
Occupation–Multiple Interactions (ref. = farmer × twin)          
 Nonmanual worker × twin 0.018 −0.018 −0.031* 0.001 0.003 0.012 0.001 −0.007 0.025 
 Manual worker × twin −0.131** −0.002 −0.011 −0.046 0.004 0.012 0.041 0.000 0.000 
Size of Place (ref. = <2,500)          
 2,500–99,999 0.327*** −0.035*** −0.020*** 0.258*** −0.027*** −0.018*** 0.118*** −0.018*** −0.020*** 
 100,000+ 0.434*** −0.038*** −0.018*** 0.306*** −0.032*** −0.020*** 0.177*** −0.017*** −0.012*** 
Size of Place–Multiple Interactions (ref. = <2,500 × twin)          
 2,500–99,999 × twin 0.063 0.000 0.018 −0.146* −0.028** −0.018 0.002 0.031 0.034 
 100,000+ × twin 0.081 0.001 0.013 0.052 0.011 0.002 −0.220 0.011 −0.018 
Couple's Literacy (ref. = both partners literate)          
 One or both partners illiterate −0.308*** 0.017*** −0.001 −0.387*** 0.021*** 0.005** −0.232*** 0.012*** −0.008*** 
Literacy–Multiple Interactions (ref. = both partners literate × twin)          
 One or both partners illiterate × twin −0.139* 0.011 0.014 −0.047 −0.002 −0.007 −0.304** 0.001 −0.013 
Mother's Race (ref. = White)          
 Black 0.441*** 0.058*** −0.024*** 0.041*** 0.082*** −0.011*** −0.349*** 0.059*** −0.031*** 
Race–Multiple Interactions (ref. = White × twin)          
 Black × twin −0.301*** 0.045*** 0.017 −0.358** 0.029** −0.022 −0.805*** −0.003 −0.061* 
Couples’ Nativity and Generation (ref. = native-born of native parents)          
 First-generation Canada −0.213*** 0.070*** 0.036*** −0.179*** 0.095*** 0.033*** −0.230*** 0.091*** 0.022*** 
 First-generation Scandinavia −0.596*** 0.103*** 0.106*** −0.524*** 0.111*** 0.116*** −0.358*** 0.090*** 0.083*** 
 First-generation United Kingdom −0.294*** 0.050*** 0.036*** −0.174*** 0.056*** 0.038*** −0.106*** 0.058*** 0.035*** 
 First-generation Ireland −0.898*** 0.169*** 0.124*** −0.466*** 0.135*** 0.094*** 0.024 0.056*** 0.017** 
 First-generation Italy −1.367*** 0.114*** 0.042*** −1.049*** 0.145*** 0.081*** −0.539*** 0.132*** 0.083*** 
 First-generation Germany −0.538*** 0.119*** 0.082*** −0.311*** 0.097*** 0.063*** −0.207*** 0.085*** 0.055*** 
 First-generation Russian Empire −1.465*** 0.123*** 0.078*** −0.667*** 0.102*** 0.054*** −0.159*** 0.077*** 0.037*** 
 First-generation other −0.875*** 0.127*** 0.071*** −0.534*** 0.121*** 0.073*** −0.348*** 0.098*** 0.053*** 
 Second-generation Canada 0.008 0.018*** −0.004 0.023 0.029*** 0.006 −0.102* 0.035*** 0.002 
 Second-generation Scandinavia −0.151*** 0.049*** 0.067*** −0.217*** 0.047*** 0.068*** −0.409*** 0.011 −0.005 
 Second-generation United Kingdom 0.061*** −0.013*** −0.002 0.080*** −0.011*** 0.001 0.063* 0.011* 0.016 
 Second-generation Ireland −0.322*** 0.071*** 0.048*** −0.218*** 0.072*** 0.046*** −0.061* 0.051*** 0.026*** 
 Second-generation Germany −0.028*** 0.027*** 0.026*** −0.003 0.027*** 0.027*** −0.038 0.036*** 0.026*** 
 Second-generation other −0.064*** 0.044*** 0.023*** −0.014 0.039*** 0.016** 0.017 0.056*** 0.026* 
Nativity–Multiple Interactions (ref. = native-born of native parents × twin)          
 First-generation Canada × twin −0.096 0.021 −0.024 −0.108 0.031 0.014 0.075 0.021 0.100* 
 First-generation Scandinavia × twin −0.094 0.042** 0.023 −0.150 −0.022 −0.075** −0.490* 0.056* 0.096* 
 First-generation United Kingdom × twin 0.060 0.032 0.069** −0.257 0.021 −0.039 −0.313 0.001 0.013 
 First-generation Ireland × twin 0.085 0.056*** 0.040 −0.290* 0.018 −0.016 −0.142 0.019 −0.001 
 First-generation Italy × twin −0.460 0.006 −0.023 −1.017* −0.022 −0.067 −0.336 −0.012 0.006 
 First-generation Germany × twin −0.082 0.004 −0.003 −0.091 0.011 0.000 −0.064 0.047* 0.035 
 First-generation Russian Empire × twin −0.192 −0.041* −0.066* 0.264 0.012 0.016 0.405 0.022 0.067 
 First-generation other × twin −0.119 0.007 0.010 −0.024 0.008 −0.043 −0.143 0.011 0.007 
 Second-generation Canada × twin −0.083 −0.003 −0.020 0.016 0.010 0.033 −0.065 0.046 0.109 
 Second-generation Scandinavia × twin 0.025 0.049 0.018 −0.076 0.006 −0.005 0.788 0.131 0.195 
 Second-generation United Kingdom × twin −0.076 0.022 −0.012 0.107 0.024 0.023 −0.075 0.022 0.026 
 Second-generation Ireland × twin −0.132 0.040** 0.009 −0.098 0.008 −0.037 0.099 0.063* 0.005 
 Second-generation Germany × twin 0.014 0.021 0.043** −0.168 −0.009 −0.032 −0.451* −0.003 −0.005 
 Second-generation other × twin 0.122 0.040 0.034 0.074 0.019 0.019 −0.076 0.050 0.053 
Previous Child's Status at Census          
 Present  0.000 0.000  0.000 0.000  0.000 0.000 
 Deceased  −0.258*** −0.175***  0.040*** −0.081***  0.032*** −0.093*** 
 Absent  −0.650*** −0.544***  −0.126*** −0.412***  −0.106*** −0.393*** 
Constant −2.717*** −1.029*** 0.466*** −2.635*** −0.965*** 0.73*** −2.903*** −0.744*** 1.009*** 
Number of Individuals 4,386,809 2,616,951 919,325 
Number of Observations 10,228,560 6,116,182 2,053,710 
Likelihood-Ratio Chi Square 664,181 553,001 245,998 
Log Likelihood −6,647,929 −3,542,347 −1,122,965 
Prob. > Chi Square .0000 .0000 .0000 
Adjusted Parity 1Adjusted Parity 4Adjusted Parity 8
CovariateCure FractionScaleShapeCure FractionScaleShapeCure FractionScaleShape
Age Group (ref. = 30–34)          
 20–24 −0.077*** 0.248*** 0.406***       
 25–29 −0.183*** 0.131*** 0.191*** −0.188*** 0.170*** 0.208***    
 35–39 0.616*** −0.177*** −0.184*** 0.559*** −0.228*** −0.211*** 0.358*** −0.201*** −0.186 
 40–44 1.715*** −0.450*** −0.401*** 1.602*** −0.544*** −0.443*** 1.593*** −0.462*** −0.415 
 45–49 3.048*** −0.375*** −0.670*** 3.361*** −0.502*** −0.653*** 3.691*** −0.588*** −0.624 
Age Difference From Spouse −0.010*** 0.000 0.006*** −0.024*** 0.005*** 0.006*** −0.016*** 0.003*** 0.003 
Multiple Birth 0.215*** −0.200*** 0.010 −0.085 −0.157*** −0.014 −0.049 −0.135*** −0.012 
Year (ref. = 1895–1899)          
 1885–1889 −0.296*** −0.019*** −0.018*** −0.266*** 0.003* −0.007** −0.196*** −0.007** −0.021 
 1890–1894 −0.259*** 0.008*** −0.005** −0.229*** 0.014*** −0.006** −0.143*** 0.018*** −0.002 
 1900–1904 0.063*** −0.014*** −0.022*** 0.053*** 0.002 −0.008*** 0.037** 0.014*** 0.003 
 1905–1909 0.141*** 0.002** 0.007*** 0.167*** −0.017*** −0.010*** 0.178*** −0.001 0.006 
Year–Multiple Interactions (ref. = 1895–1899 × twin)          
 1885–1889 × twin −0.079 0.014 −0.003 −0.147 −0.007 −0.042** −0.047 −0.037* −0.054* 
 1890–1894 × twin −0.135** 0.002 −0.015 −0.090 −0.002 −0.018 −0.170 −0.031* −0.027 
 1900–1904 × twin 0.063*** −0.014*** −0.022*** 0.053*** 0.002 −0.008*** 0.037** 0.014*** 0.003 
 1905–1909 × twin 0.141*** 0.002** 0.007*** 0.167*** −0.017*** −0.010*** 0.178*** −0.001 0.006 
Region (ref. = South)          
 Northeast 0.512*** −0.051*** −0.058*** 0.410*** −0.026*** −0.041*** 0.158*** 0.002 −0.009* 
 Midwest 0.467*** −0.051*** −0.040*** 0.431*** −0.045*** −0.035*** 0.171*** −0.024*** −0.011** 
 West 0.568*** −0.058*** −0.056*** 0.498*** −0.048*** −0.061*** 0.109*** −0.029*** −0.029*** 
Region–Multiple Interactions (ref. = South × twin)          
 Northeast × twin 0.181** −0.012 −0.027* 0.213** −0.001 −0.020 0.044 −0.027 −0.067* 
 Midwest × twin 0.214*** −0.013 −0.009 0.132 −0.011 −0.008 0.071 −0.028 −0.071** 
 West × twin 0.230** 0.003 −0.033 0.248* 0.017 0.012 −0.297 −0.066* −0.163*** 
Spouse's Occupation (ref. = farmer)          
 Nonmanual worker 0.626*** −0.091*** −0.047*** 0.498*** −0.053*** −0.042*** 0.397*** −0.035*** −0.039*** 
 Manual worker 0.273*** −0.039*** −0.026*** 0.133*** −0.031*** −0.027*** 0.129*** −0.028*** −0.028*** 
Occupation–Multiple Interactions (ref. = farmer × twin)          
 Nonmanual worker × twin 0.018 −0.018 −0.031* 0.001 0.003 0.012 0.001 −0.007 0.025 
 Manual worker × twin −0.131** −0.002 −0.011 −0.046 0.004 0.012 0.041 0.000 0.000 
Size of Place (ref. = <2,500)          
 2,500–99,999 0.327*** −0.035*** −0.020*** 0.258*** −0.027*** −0.018*** 0.118*** −0.018*** −0.020*** 
 100,000+ 0.434*** −0.038*** −0.018*** 0.306*** −0.032*** −0.020*** 0.177*** −0.017*** −0.012*** 
Size of Place–Multiple Interactions (ref. = <2,500 × twin)          
 2,500–99,999 × twin 0.063 0.000 0.018 −0.146* −0.028** −0.018 0.002 0.031 0.034 
 100,000+ × twin 0.081 0.001 0.013 0.052 0.011 0.002 −0.220 0.011 −0.018 
Couple's Literacy (ref. = both partners literate)          
 One or both partners illiterate −0.308*** 0.017*** −0.001 −0.387*** 0.021*** 0.005** −0.232*** 0.012*** −0.008*** 
Literacy–Multiple Interactions (ref. = both partners literate × twin)          
 One or both partners illiterate × twin −0.139* 0.011 0.014 −0.047 −0.002 −0.007 −0.304** 0.001 −0.013 
Mother's Race (ref. = White)          
 Black 0.441*** 0.058*** −0.024*** 0.041*** 0.082*** −0.011*** −0.349*** 0.059*** −0.031*** 
Race–Multiple Interactions (ref. = White × twin)          
 Black × twin −0.301*** 0.045*** 0.017 −0.358** 0.029** −0.022 −0.805*** −0.003 −0.061* 
Couples’ Nativity and Generation (ref. = native-born of native parents)          
 First-generation Canada −0.213*** 0.070*** 0.036*** −0.179*** 0.095*** 0.033*** −0.230*** 0.091*** 0.022*** 
 First-generation Scandinavia −0.596*** 0.103*** 0.106*** −0.524*** 0.111*** 0.116*** −0.358*** 0.090*** 0.083*** 
 First-generation United Kingdom −0.294*** 0.050*** 0.036*** −0.174*** 0.056*** 0.038*** −0.106*** 0.058*** 0.035*** 
 First-generation Ireland −0.898*** 0.169*** 0.124*** −0.466*** 0.135*** 0.094*** 0.024 0.056*** 0.017** 
 First-generation Italy −1.367*** 0.114*** 0.042*** −1.049*** 0.145*** 0.081*** −0.539*** 0.132*** 0.083*** 
 First-generation Germany −0.538*** 0.119*** 0.082*** −0.311*** 0.097*** 0.063*** −0.207*** 0.085*** 0.055*** 
 First-generation Russian Empire −1.465*** 0.123*** 0.078*** −0.667*** 0.102*** 0.054*** −0.159*** 0.077*** 0.037*** 
 First-generation other −0.875*** 0.127*** 0.071*** −0.534*** 0.121*** 0.073*** −0.348*** 0.098*** 0.053*** 
 Second-generation Canada 0.008 0.018*** −0.004 0.023 0.029*** 0.006 −0.102* 0.035*** 0.002 
 Second-generation Scandinavia −0.151*** 0.049*** 0.067*** −0.217*** 0.047*** 0.068*** −0.409*** 0.011 −0.005 
 Second-generation United Kingdom 0.061*** −0.013*** −0.002 0.080*** −0.011*** 0.001 0.063* 0.011* 0.016 
 Second-generation Ireland −0.322*** 0.071*** 0.048*** −0.218*** 0.072*** 0.046*** −0.061* 0.051*** 0.026*** 
 Second-generation Germany −0.028*** 0.027*** 0.026*** −0.003 0.027*** 0.027*** −0.038 0.036*** 0.026*** 
 Second-generation other −0.064*** 0.044*** 0.023*** −0.014 0.039*** 0.016** 0.017 0.056*** 0.026* 
Nativity–Multiple Interactions (ref. = native-born of native parents × twin)          
 First-generation Canada × twin −0.096 0.021 −0.024 −0.108 0.031 0.014 0.075 0.021 0.100* 
 First-generation Scandinavia × twin −0.094 0.042** 0.023 −0.150 −0.022 −0.075** −0.490* 0.056* 0.096* 
 First-generation United Kingdom × twin 0.060 0.032 0.069** −0.257 0.021 −0.039 −0.313 0.001 0.013 
 First-generation Ireland × twin 0.085 0.056*** 0.040 −0.290* 0.018 −0.016 −0.142 0.019 −0.001 
 First-generation Italy × twin −0.460 0.006 −0.023 −1.017* −0.022 −0.067 −0.336 −0.012 0.006 
 First-generation Germany × twin −0.082 0.004 −0.003 −0.091 0.011 0.000 −0.064 0.047* 0.035 
 First-generation Russian Empire × twin −0.192 −0.041* −0.066* 0.264 0.012 0.016 0.405 0.022 0.067 
 First-generation other × twin −0.119 0.007 0.010 −0.024 0.008 −0.043 −0.143 0.011 0.007 
 Second-generation Canada × twin −0.083 −0.003 −0.020 0.016 0.010 0.033 −0.065 0.046 0.109 
 Second-generation Scandinavia × twin 0.025 0.049 0.018 −0.076 0.006 −0.005 0.788 0.131 0.195 
 Second-generation United Kingdom × twin −0.076 0.022 −0.012 0.107 0.024 0.023 −0.075 0.022 0.026 
 Second-generation Ireland × twin −0.132 0.040** 0.009 −0.098 0.008 −0.037 0.099 0.063* 0.005 
 Second-generation Germany × twin 0.014 0.021 0.043** −0.168 −0.009 −0.032 −0.451* −0.003 −0.005 
 Second-generation other × twin 0.122 0.040 0.034 0.074 0.019 0.019 −0.076 0.050 0.053 
Previous Child's Status at Census          
 Present  0.000 0.000  0.000 0.000  0.000 0.000 
 Deceased  −0.258*** −0.175***  0.040*** −0.081***  0.032*** −0.093*** 
 Absent  −0.650*** −0.544***  −0.126*** −0.412***  −0.106*** −0.393*** 
Constant −2.717*** −1.029*** 0.466*** −2.635*** −0.965*** 0.73*** −2.903*** −0.744*** 1.009*** 
Number of Individuals 4,386,809 2,616,951 919,325 
Number of Observations 10,228,560 6,116,182 2,053,710 
Likelihood-Ratio Chi Square 664,181 553,001 245,998 
Log Likelihood −6,647,929 −3,542,347 −1,122,965 
Prob. > Chi Square .0000 .0000 .0000 

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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