Duke University Press

Table 1

Descriptive statistics for mothers by racialized group, nativity, and pre– and post–Trump election period, November 2012–November 2018

	White U.S.-born		White Foreign-born		Black U.S.-born		Black Foreign-born		Hispanic U.S.-born		Hispanic Foreign-born		API U.S.-born		API Foreign-born
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Main Outcomes
LBW (%)	6.6	6.7^*	6.0	6.0	13.2	14.0^*	10.0	8.9^*	7.3	7.9^*	6.2	6.6^*	8.3	9.2^*	7.9	8.6^*
Preterm birth (%)	9.8	10.1^*	8.5	8.8^*	16.2	17.1^*	10.0	12.7^*	10.9	11.9^*	10.7	11.8^*	10.6	11.0^*	9.3	10.1^*
Infant's Characteristics
Male (%)	51.3	51.3	51.5	51.6	50.7	50.7	50.8	50.7	51.1	51.0	51.1	51.0	51.4	51.2	51.7	51.6
Parity (%)
One	45.3	44.0^*	44.8	43.0^*	42.6	41.2^*	37.3	35.8^*	44.4	44.0^*	30.2	31.7^*	47.7	48.7^*	48.2	47.7^*
Two	32.7	32.9^*	32.8	32.7	27.9	28.1^*	30.1	29.9	29.8	29.7	29.7	30.2^*	31.2	31.7^*	36.4	36.5
Three+	22.0	23.0^*	22.4	24.3^*	29.4	30.8^*	32.6	34.3^*	25.8	26.3^*	40.2	38.1^*	21.1	19.6^*	15.4	15.8^*
Medicaid birth (%)	29.8	29.1^*	31.4	34.0^*	69.3	68.9^*	50.9	52.9^*	58.7	59.7^*	60.3	55.8^*	30.0	24.4^*	26.6	28.3^*
Mother's Characteristics
Married (%)	69.8	70.2^*	87.8	87.9	21.3	21.5^*	65.8	68.1^*	42.1	42.6^*	51.6	52.4^*	65.7	73.6^*	89.4	90.3^*
Highest educational level (%)
<High school	7.8	7.2^*	7.2	8.0^*	17.6	14.4^*	15.7	15.3^*	20.4	18.5^*	45.1	39.8^*	7.6	4.4^*	8.9	10.0^*
High school but <bachelor's degree	52.1	50.9^*	39.8	39.0^*	69.6	71.5^*	53.8	52.6^*	66.2	66.4^*	44.4	46.8^*	44.1	37.1^*	30.3	28.0^*
Bachelor's degree+	40.1	41.9^*	53.1	53.0	12.8	14.1^*	30.6	32.2^*	13.4	15.1^*	10.5	13.4^*	48.3	58.4^*	60.8	62.0^*
Age	28.2	28.5^*	30.4	30.7^*	25.4	26.0^*	30.4	30.9^*	25.4	25.7^*	28.7	28.9^*	29.0	30.2^*	31.1	31.0^*
Adequacy of prenatal care (%)
Inadequate	14.0	13.1^*	19.5	20.5^*	28.8	27.0^*	34.0	34.7^*	20.5	21.7^*	25.3	28.1^*	17.1	15.5^*	17.6	18.8^*
Intermediate	15.7	14.8^*	17.8	16.9^*	15.7	15.1^*	16.4	15.1^*	18.4	17.5^*	17.5	16.7^*	19.0	18.1^*	17.9	16.6^*
Adequate	47.6	48.7^*	43.1	43.1	33.6	34.7^*	32.4	32.3	41.1	40.6^*	38.0	36.6^*	43.7	45.3^*	44.4	44.4
Intensive	22.7	23.4^*	19.7	19.4^*	22.0	23.2^*	17.3	17.8^*	19.9	20.3^*	19.2	18.7^*	20.2	21.2^*	20.0	20.2
n	5,432,905	2,575,182	383,096	179,488	1,236,355	610,136	231,370	132,703	1,382,810	551,687	1,281,326	509,709	166,947	50,812	600,150	244,034

	White U.S.-born		White Foreign-born		Black U.S.-born		Black Foreign-born		Hispanic U.S.-born		Hispanic Foreign-born		API U.S.-born		API Foreign-born
	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Main Outcomes
LBW (%)	6.6	6.7^*	6.0	6.0	13.2	14.0^*	10.0	8.9^*	7.3	7.9^*	6.2	6.6^*	8.3	9.2^*	7.9	8.6^*
Preterm birth (%)	9.8	10.1^*	8.5	8.8^*	16.2	17.1^*	10.0	12.7^*	10.9	11.9^*	10.7	11.8^*	10.6	11.0^*	9.3	10.1^*
Infant's Characteristics
Male (%)	51.3	51.3	51.5	51.6	50.7	50.7	50.8	50.7	51.1	51.0	51.1	51.0	51.4	51.2	51.7	51.6
Parity (%)
One	45.3	44.0^*	44.8	43.0^*	42.6	41.2^*	37.3	35.8^*	44.4	44.0^*	30.2	31.7^*	47.7	48.7^*	48.2	47.7^*
Two	32.7	32.9^*	32.8	32.7	27.9	28.1^*	30.1	29.9	29.8	29.7	29.7	30.2^*	31.2	31.7^*	36.4	36.5
Three+	22.0	23.0^*	22.4	24.3^*	29.4	30.8^*	32.6	34.3^*	25.8	26.3^*	40.2	38.1^*	21.1	19.6^*	15.4	15.8^*
Medicaid birth (%)	29.8	29.1^*	31.4	34.0^*	69.3	68.9^*	50.9	52.9^*	58.7	59.7^*	60.3	55.8^*	30.0	24.4^*	26.6	28.3^*
Mother's Characteristics
Married (%)	69.8	70.2^*	87.8	87.9	21.3	21.5^*	65.8	68.1^*	42.1	42.6^*	51.6	52.4^*	65.7	73.6^*	89.4	90.3^*
Highest educational level (%)
<High school	7.8	7.2^*	7.2	8.0^*	17.6	14.4^*	15.7	15.3^*	20.4	18.5^*	45.1	39.8^*	7.6	4.4^*	8.9	10.0^*
High school but <bachelor's degree	52.1	50.9^*	39.8	39.0^*	69.6	71.5^*	53.8	52.6^*	66.2	66.4^*	44.4	46.8^*	44.1	37.1^*	30.3	28.0^*
Bachelor's degree+	40.1	41.9^*	53.1	53.0	12.8	14.1^*	30.6	32.2^*	13.4	15.1^*	10.5	13.4^*	48.3	58.4^*	60.8	62.0^*
Age	28.2	28.5^*	30.4	30.7^*	25.4	26.0^*	30.4	30.9^*	25.4	25.7^*	28.7	28.9^*	29.0	30.2^*	31.1	31.0^*
Adequacy of prenatal care (%)
Inadequate	14.0	13.1^*	19.5	20.5^*	28.8	27.0^*	34.0	34.7^*	20.5	21.7^*	25.3	28.1^*	17.1	15.5^*	17.6	18.8^*
Intermediate	15.7	14.8^*	17.8	16.9^*	15.7	15.1^*	16.4	15.1^*	18.4	17.5^*	17.5	16.7^*	19.0	18.1^*	17.9	16.6^*
Adequate	47.6	48.7^*	43.1	43.1	33.6	34.7^*	32.4	32.3	41.1	40.6^*	38.0	36.6^*	43.7	45.3^*	44.4	44.4
Intensive	22.7	23.4^*	19.7	19.4^*	22.0	23.2^*	17.3	17.8^*	19.9	20.3^*	19.2	18.7^*	20.2	21.2^*	20.0	20.2
n	5,432,905	2,575,182	383,096	179,488	1,236,355	610,136	231,370	132,703	1,382,810	551,687	1,281,326	509,709	166,947	50,812	600,150	244,034

Notes: Pre-Trump = November 2012–October 2016. Post-Trump = November 2016–November 2018. LBW = low birth weight.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (N = 15,568,710).

^*Indicates a statistically significant difference between pre– and post–Trump election periods within each racialized nativity group of mothers, at p < .05

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