Table 4 Descriptive statistics of...

Table 4

Descriptive statistics of UNHCR-registered Venezuelans in the PMS, by receiving country

	Andes			Southern Cone				Separated by the Darien Gap or Caribbean Sea
	Colombia	Ecuador	Peru	Chile	Argentina	Uruguay	Brazil	Panama	Dominican Republic	p
Migration Experiences
Primary travel mode										^***
Vehicle, train, boat, other	84	69	81	63	20	23	95	5	0
Walking	15	30	17	7	2	1	5	0	0
Airplane	1	2	2	30	78	76	0	95	100
Entered present country regularly	35	80	87	88	99	99	97	94	99	^***
Demographics
Age (years)										^***
≤17	36	29	28	17	21	21	30	28	21
18–24	18	22	21	15	14	13	20	15	15
25–49	39	43	46	59	54	54	43	42	52
≥50	7	6	5	9	11	11	7	15	11
Female	51	48	48	48	52	49	46	51	56	^***
Household Structure
Household age composition										^***
Solo adult	9	15	12	23	9	11	23	16	18
One adult with children ≤18 years	12	10	8	5	2	3	15	19	6
Multiple adults with children ≤18 years	63	56	57	37	57	56	45	42	49
Multiple adults, no children ≤18 years	16	19	22	35	32	30	17	22	27
Unaccompanied child(ren) ≤18 years	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.03	0	0	0.2	0	0.1
Household relationship structure										^***
Singular	9	16	12	23	9	11	23	16	18
Nuclear	58	54	47	50	43	40	58	64	48
Extended, not multigenerational	15	18	26	20	30	34	8	13	20
Multigenerational	18	12	15	7	18	15	11	7	14
Number of children ≤18 years in household (0–9)	1.78	1.30	1.37	0.70	1.00	1.08	1.38	1.21	0.90	^***
Number of adults in household (0–15)	2.41	2.31	2.63	2.31	2.86	3.01	1.93	2.52	2.43	^***
Changes in Household Size
Any change	57	53	54	60	66	61	69	68	72	^***
Left someone in Venezuela	46	41	38	52	54	49	57	52	58	^***
Left someone in another country	7	5	9	14	4	6	3	10	9	^***
Someone else left country	6	5	5	5	9	5	4	21	9	^***
Other event	8	7	11	3	11	8	10	18	16	^***
Number of Observations	13,202	15,922	9,535	3,687	4,142	1,401	2,795	130	2,150
Survey Years	2018–2020	2018–2020	2018–2020	2019	2018–2019	2019–2020	2019–2020	2019–2020	2019–2020
End of 2015: Visa Required	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
End of 2019: Visa Required	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
End of 2015: Passport Required	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes
End of 2019: Passport Required	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
End of 2019: Expired Passport Accepted	Yes, ≤2 yrs.	No	Yes, ≤5 yrs.^a	Yes, issued ≥2013^b	Yes, ≤2 yrs.	No	Yes, ≤5 yrs.	No	No
Temporary Protected Status or Residency Program for Venezuelans	Began 2021	2017– 2020	2017– 2018	Began 2021	Yes, ongoing	Yes, ongoing	Began 2019	No	Began 2021

	Andes			Southern Cone				Separated by the Darien Gap or Caribbean Sea
	Colombia	Ecuador	Peru	Chile	Argentina	Uruguay	Brazil	Panama	Dominican Republic	p
Migration Experiences
Primary travel mode										^***
Vehicle, train, boat, other	84	69	81	63	20	23	95	5	0
Walking	15	30	17	7	2	1	5	0	0
Airplane	1	2	2	30	78	76	0	95	100
Entered present country regularly	35	80	87	88	99	99	97	94	99	^***
Demographics
Age (years)										^***
≤17	36	29	28	17	21	21	30	28	21
18–24	18	22	21	15	14	13	20	15	15
25–49	39	43	46	59	54	54	43	42	52
≥50	7	6	5	9	11	11	7	15	11
Female	51	48	48	48	52	49	46	51	56	^***
Household Structure
Household age composition										^***
Solo adult	9	15	12	23	9	11	23	16	18
One adult with children ≤18 years	12	10	8	5	2	3	15	19	6
Multiple adults with children ≤18 years	63	56	57	37	57	56	45	42	49
Multiple adults, no children ≤18 years	16	19	22	35	32	30	17	22	27
Unaccompanied child(ren) ≤18 years	0.4	0.4	0.1	0.03	0	0	0.2	0	0.1
Household relationship structure										^***
Singular	9	16	12	23	9	11	23	16	18
Nuclear	58	54	47	50	43	40	58	64	48
Extended, not multigenerational	15	18	26	20	30	34	8	13	20
Multigenerational	18	12	15	7	18	15	11	7	14
Number of children ≤18 years in household (0–9)	1.78	1.30	1.37	0.70	1.00	1.08	1.38	1.21	0.90	^***
Number of adults in household (0–15)	2.41	2.31	2.63	2.31	2.86	3.01	1.93	2.52	2.43	^***
Changes in Household Size
Any change	57	53	54	60	66	61	69	68	72	^***
Left someone in Venezuela	46	41	38	52	54	49	57	52	58	^***
Left someone in another country	7	5	9	14	4	6	3	10	9	^***
Someone else left country	6	5	5	5	9	5	4	21	9	^***
Other event	8	7	11	3	11	8	10	18	16	^***
Number of Observations	13,202	15,922	9,535	3,687	4,142	1,401	2,795	130	2,150
Survey Years	2018–2020	2018–2020	2018–2020	2019	2018–2019	2019–2020	2019–2020	2019–2020	2019–2020
End of 2015: Visa Required	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
End of 2019: Visa Required	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Yes
End of 2015: Passport Required	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes
End of 2019: Passport Required	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
End of 2019: Expired Passport Accepted	Yes, ≤2 yrs.	No	Yes, ≤5 yrs.^a	Yes, issued ≥2013^b	Yes, ≤2 yrs.	No	Yes, ≤5 yrs.	No	No
Temporary Protected Status or Residency Program for Venezuelans	Began 2021	2017– 2020	2017– 2018	Began 2021	Yes, ongoing	Yes, ongoing	Began 2019	No	Began 2021

Notes: Data are from the UNHCR PMS, where each observation is a respondent or a household member the respondent reported on. All statistics are expressed as percentages except the number of children and adults in the household. Percentages in the last four rows under changes in household size do not sum to 100 and sum to more than the percentage experiencing any change because individuals can experience more than one source of change in their household size. Information on immigration policies (the bottom six rows) for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay is derived from Selee and Bolter (2020). (Selee and Bolter (2020) indicated that Venezuelans were required to obtain a visa before entering Panama in 2019 but did not directly explicate that Panama lacks a TPS or Residency Program for Venezuelans. There is no evidence, however, that such a program existed before the collection of UNHCR PMS data.) Information on Dominican Republic visa and passport requirements for Venezuelans is derived from Durán (2019); information on Dominican Republic reception of expired passports and on TPS or Residency Programs for Venezuelans is derived from Hasbun (2021).

If expired before August 18, 2018, then accepted until August 28, 2023; if expired after August 18, 2018, then accepted for ≤5 years (Selee and Bolter 2020: Table 1).

^b Until April 18, 2023 (Selee and Bolter 2020: Table 1)

^***p < .001

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