Difference-in-differences estimates by demographic group
| . | Males . | Females . | AI/AN . | AAPI . | Black . | White . | Ages 10–12 . | Ages 13–15 . | Ages 16–17 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
| OxyContin Misuse | 2.355* | 0.953** | −0.604 | 2.457* | −0.306 | 1.961** | 0.520** | 2.588** | 1.980 |
| (1.006) | (0.336) | (2.873) | (1.105) | (0.518) | (0.693) | (0.181) | (0.901) | (1.224) | |
| Pre-Reformulation Mean | 4.053 | 1.469 | 6.877 | 1.762 | 1.757 | 2.996 | 0.455 | 2.683 | 6.213 |
| . | Males . | Females . | AI/AN . | AAPI . | Black . | White . | Ages 10–12 . | Ages 13–15 . | Ages 16–17 . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . | (7) . | (8) . | (9) . |
| OxyContin Misuse | 2.355* | 0.953** | −0.604 | 2.457* | −0.306 | 1.961** | 0.520** | 2.588** | 1.980 |
| (1.006) | (0.336) | (2.873) | (1.105) | (0.518) | (0.693) | (0.181) | (0.901) | (1.224) | |
| Pre-Reformulation Mean | 4.053 | 1.469 | 6.877 | 1.762 | 1.757 | 2.996 | 0.455 | 2.683 | 6.213 |
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses are adjusted for clustering at the state level. The outcome is suicides per 100,000 for ages 10–17 by demographic group. The pre-reformulation mean uses the 2006–2009 pre-period. The estimated specification included state × race × age × sex fixed effects and year × race × age × sex × census region fixed effects and was weighted by population size. Specification also included controls for fraction of the population that is White, fraction that is Black, the minimum wage, anti-bullying laws, PDMPs, and “mandatory access” PDMPs. Each point estimate represents the coefficient on the nonmedical OxyContin misuse (%) variable for 2011–2020. AI/AN = American Indian and Alaska Native. AAPI = Asian American and Pacific Islander.
p < .05; **p < .01