Table 2 Marginal effects of childhood...

Table 2

Marginal effects of childhood health variables on measures of human capital and well-being during adulthood

	Years in Full-time Education		Low Education (ISCED 0–2)		Medium Education (ISCED 3–4)		High Education (ISCED 5–6)		Ever Married (0–1)		Ever Had a Natural Child (0–1)
Men	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Mental (0–1)	−0.093		0.032		−0.004		−0.028		−0.084^**		−0.091^**
	(0.272)		(0.020)		(0.003)		(0.017)		(0.019)		(0.022)
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1)	0.413^**		−0.033^**		0.004^**		0.028^**		−0.000		0.006
	(0.066)		(0.006)		(0.001)		(0.005)		(0.004)		(0.005)
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1)	−0.174^†		0.011		−0.001		−0.010		−0.030^**		−0.039^**
	(0.093)		(0.007)		(0.001)		(0.007)		(0.006)		(0.008)
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1)	−0.227^†		0.006		−0.001		−0.005		0.008		0.007
	(0.132)		(0.011)		(0.002)		(0.010)		(0.008)		(0.011)
At Least 1 (0–1)		0.229^**		−0.020^**		0.003^**		0.017^**		−0.014^**		−0.011^*
		(0.058)		(0.005)		(0.001)		(0.004)		(0.004)		(0.005)
Rooms (an increase of one room)	1.109^**	1.111^**	−0.092^**	−0.092^**	0.012^**	0.012^**	0.080^**	0.080^**	−0.011^**	−0.011^**	−0.027^**	−0.027^**
	(0.082)	(0.082)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)
No Books (0–1)	−2.085^**	−2.092^**	0.176^**	0.176^**	−0.023^**	−0.023^**	−0.152^**	−0.153^**	−0.013^**	−0.014^**	−0.006	−0.007
	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1)	−0.588^**	−0.600^**	0.057^**	0.058^**	−0.008^**	−0.008^**	−0.049^**	−0.050^**	−0.002	−0.002	0.002	0.001
	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Born in Urban Area (0–1)	0.738^**	0.739^**	−0.082^**	−0.082^**	0.011^**	0.011^**	0.071^**	0.071^**	0.003	0.003	−0.019^**	−0.019^**
	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1)	0.912^**	0.921^**	−0.073^**	−0.074^**	0.010^**	0.010^**	0.063^**	0.064^**	0.013^**	0.013^**	0.014^**	0.014^**
	(0.056)	(0.056)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1)	−0.659^**	−0.663^**	0.045^**	0.045^**	−0.006^**	−0.006^**	−0.039^**	−0.039^**	−0.008	−0.008	0.004	0.004
	(0.130)	(0.130)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Survey Year Dummy Variable	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17)	✓	✓									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (4) × Childhood Country FE (17)									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
R²	.260	.259
Pseudo R²			.142	.142					.041	.037	.026	.024
Number of Observations	28,266	28,266	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,266	28,266	28,266	28,266
	Years in Full-time Education		Low Education (ISCED 0–2)		Medium Education (ISCED 3–4)		High Education (ISCED 5–6)		Ever Married (0–1)		Ever Had a Natural Child (0–1)
Women	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Mental (0–1)	0.301^†		−0.018		0.004		0.013		−0.024^*		−0.035^*
	(0.169)		(0.016)		(0.004)		(0.012)		(0.011)		(0.014)
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1)	0.280^**		−0.035^**		0.009^**		0.026^**		−0.000		−0.007
	(0.052)		(0.005)		(0.001)		(0.004)		(0.003)		(0.004)
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1)	−0.371^**		0.047^**		−0.012^**		−0.036^**		−0.011^*		−0.033^**
	(0.071)		(0.006)		(0.002)		(0.005)		(0.005)		(0.006)
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1)	−0.106		0.023^**		−0.006^**		−0.017^**		0.003		0.009
	(0.088)		(0.009)		(0.002)		(0.006)		(0.005)		(0.007)
At Least 1 (0–1)		0.031		−0.003		0.001		0.002		−0.004		−0.016^**
		(0.046)		(0.004)		(0.001)		(0.003)		(0.003)		(0.004)
Rooms (an increase of one room)	1.285^**	1.294^**	−0.108^**	−0.109^**	0.027^**	0.027^**	0.081^**	0.082^**	−0.007^*	−0.007^*	−0.024^**	−0.024^**
	(0.107)	(0.107)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
No Books (0–1)	−1.855^**	−1.866^**	0.194^**	0.195^**	−0.048^**	−0.048^**	−0.146^**	−0.147^**	0.008^**	0.008^*	0.017^**	0.016^**
	(0.052)	(0.052)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1)	−0.784^**	−0.793^**	0.079^**	0.080^**	−0.020^**	−0.020^**	−0.059^**	−0.060^**	0.005	0.005	0.012^**	0.012^**
	(0.059)	(0.060)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Born in Urban Area (0–1)	0.536^**	0.540^**	−0.077^**	−0.077^**	0.019^**	0.019^**	0.058^**	0.058^**	−0.009^**	−0.009^**	−0.027^**	−0.027^**
	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1)	0.800^**	0.807^**	−0.085^**	−0.086^**	0.021^**	0.021^**	0.064^**	0.065^**	0.001	0.001	−0.008^*	−0.008^†
	(0.051)	(0.051)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1)	−0.584^**	−0.589^**	0.027^**	0.028^**	−0.007^**	−0.007^**	−0.021^**	−0.021^**	0.001	0.001	0.019^*	0.019^*
	(0.124)	(0.124)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Survey Year Dummy Variable	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17)	✓	✓									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (4) × Childhood Country FE (17)									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
R²	.269	.268
Pseudo R²			.174	.172					.035	.034	.038	.036
Number of Observations	36,325	36,325	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,325	36,325	36,325	36,325

	Years in Full-time Education		Low Education (ISCED 0–2)		Medium Education (ISCED 3–4)		High Education (ISCED 5–6)		Ever Married (0–1)		Ever Had a Natural Child (0–1)
Men	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Mental (0–1)	−0.093		0.032		−0.004		−0.028		−0.084^**		−0.091^**
	(0.272)		(0.020)		(0.003)		(0.017)		(0.019)		(0.022)
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1)	0.413^**		−0.033^**		0.004^**		0.028^**		−0.000		0.006
	(0.066)		(0.006)		(0.001)		(0.005)		(0.004)		(0.005)
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1)	−0.174^†		0.011		−0.001		−0.010		−0.030^**		−0.039^**
	(0.093)		(0.007)		(0.001)		(0.007)		(0.006)		(0.008)
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1)	−0.227^†		0.006		−0.001		−0.005		0.008		0.007
	(0.132)		(0.011)		(0.002)		(0.010)		(0.008)		(0.011)
At Least 1 (0–1)		0.229^**		−0.020^**		0.003^**		0.017^**		−0.014^**		−0.011^*
		(0.058)		(0.005)		(0.001)		(0.004)		(0.004)		(0.005)
Rooms (an increase of one room)	1.109^**	1.111^**	−0.092^**	−0.092^**	0.012^**	0.012^**	0.080^**	0.080^**	−0.011^**	−0.011^**	−0.027^**	−0.027^**
	(0.082)	(0.082)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)
No Books (0–1)	−2.085^**	−2.092^**	0.176^**	0.176^**	−0.023^**	−0.023^**	−0.152^**	−0.153^**	−0.013^**	−0.014^**	−0.006	−0.007
	(0.058)	(0.058)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1)	−0.588^**	−0.600^**	0.057^**	0.058^**	−0.008^**	−0.008^**	−0.049^**	−0.050^**	−0.002	−0.002	0.002	0.001
	(0.065)	(0.065)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Born in Urban Area (0–1)	0.738^**	0.739^**	−0.082^**	−0.082^**	0.011^**	0.011^**	0.071^**	0.071^**	0.003	0.003	−0.019^**	−0.019^**
	(0.055)	(0.055)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1)	0.912^**	0.921^**	−0.073^**	−0.074^**	0.010^**	0.010^**	0.063^**	0.064^**	0.013^**	0.013^**	0.014^**	0.014^**
	(0.056)	(0.056)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1)	−0.659^**	−0.663^**	0.045^**	0.045^**	−0.006^**	−0.006^**	−0.039^**	−0.039^**	−0.008	−0.008	0.004	0.004
	(0.130)	(0.130)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Survey Year Dummy Variable	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17)	✓	✓									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (4) × Childhood Country FE (17)									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
R²	.260	.259
Pseudo R²			.142	.142					.041	.037	.026	.024
Number of Observations	28,266	28,266	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,257	28,266	28,266	28,266	28,266
	Years in Full-time Education		Low Education (ISCED 0–2)		Medium Education (ISCED 3–4)		High Education (ISCED 5–6)		Ever Married (0–1)		Ever Had a Natural Child (0–1)
Women	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
Mental (0–1)	0.301^†		−0.018		0.004		0.013		−0.024^*		−0.035^*
	(0.169)		(0.016)		(0.004)		(0.012)		(0.011)		(0.014)
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1)	0.280^**		−0.035^**		0.009^**		0.026^**		−0.000		−0.007
	(0.052)		(0.005)		(0.001)		(0.004)		(0.003)		(0.004)
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1)	−0.371^**		0.047^**		−0.012^**		−0.036^**		−0.011^*		−0.033^**
	(0.071)		(0.006)		(0.002)		(0.005)		(0.005)		(0.006)
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1)	−0.106		0.023^**		−0.006^**		−0.017^**		0.003		0.009
	(0.088)		(0.009)		(0.002)		(0.006)		(0.005)		(0.007)
At Least 1 (0–1)		0.031		−0.003		0.001		0.002		−0.004		−0.016^**
		(0.046)		(0.004)		(0.001)		(0.003)		(0.003)		(0.004)
Rooms (an increase of one room)	1.285^**	1.294^**	−0.108^**	−0.109^**	0.027^**	0.027^**	0.081^**	0.082^**	−0.007^*	−0.007^*	−0.024^**	−0.024^**
	(0.107)	(0.107)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
No Books (0–1)	−1.855^**	−1.866^**	0.194^**	0.195^**	−0.048^**	−0.048^**	−0.146^**	−0.147^**	0.008^**	0.008^*	0.017^**	0.016^**
	(0.052)	(0.052)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1)	−0.784^**	−0.793^**	0.079^**	0.080^**	−0.020^**	−0.020^**	−0.059^**	−0.060^**	0.005	0.005	0.012^**	0.012^**
	(0.059)	(0.060)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.005)
Born in Urban Area (0–1)	0.536^**	0.540^**	−0.077^**	−0.077^**	0.019^**	0.019^**	0.058^**	0.058^**	−0.009^**	−0.009^**	−0.027^**	−0.027^**
	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1)	0.800^**	0.807^**	−0.085^**	−0.086^**	0.021^**	0.021^**	0.064^**	0.065^**	0.001	0.001	−0.008^*	−0.008^†
	(0.051)	(0.051)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1)	−0.584^**	−0.589^**	0.027^**	0.028^**	−0.007^**	−0.007^**	−0.021^**	−0.021^**	0.001	0.001	0.019^*	0.019^*
	(0.124)	(0.124)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)	(0.009)	(0.009)
Survey Year Dummy Variable	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables)	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17)	✓	✓									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (4) × Childhood Country FE (17)									✓	✓
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)			✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
R²	.269	.268
Pseudo R²			.174	.172					.035	.034	.038	.036
Number of Observations	36,325	36,325	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,308	36,325	36,325	36,325	36,325

Notes: Robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. The table presents the coefficients from an ordinary least-squares model on the years in full-time education (columns 1 and 2), and average marginal effects after an ordered probit model on educational level (columns 3 to 8), and after probit models on ever married (columns 9 and 10) and ever had a natural child (columns 11 and 12).

^†

p < .10; ^*p < .05; ^**p < .01

View Large

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only