Table 1

Marginal effects of childhood health variables on health during adulthood

1+ Ill-Health (0–1)2+ Ill-Health (0–1)Retired Because of Own Ill-Health (0–1)Ever Worked (0–1)Number of Career Gaps
Men(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
Mental (0–1) 0.131**  0.070**  0.054*  −0.038**  3.297**  
 (0.025)  (0.016)  (0.028)  (0.012)  (0.519)  
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1) 0.039**  0.017**  0.013†  −0.000  0.003  
 (0.006)  (0.004)  (0.007)  (0.002)  (0.092)  
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1) 0.095**  0.042**  0.035**  −0.007*  0.893**  
 (0.009)  (0.006)  (0.009)  (0.003)  (0.141)  
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1) 0.029*  0.014†  0.031*  −0.001  0.438*  
 (0.013)  (0.007)  (0.014)  (0.004)  (0.201)  
At Least 1 (0–1)  0.075**  0.033**  0.032**  −0.004*  0.532** 
  (0.006)  (0.003)  (0.006)  (0.002)  (0.083) 
Rooms (an increase of one room) −0.029** −0.029** −0.004 −0.004 −0.027** −0.028** −0.003† −0.003† −0.429** −0.427** 
 (0.007) (0.007) (0.004) (0.004) (0.007) (0.007) (0.001) (0.001) (0.099) (0.099) 
No Books (0–1) 0.033** 0.034** 0.011** 0.012** 0.034** 0.035** −0.003* −0.004* 0.833** 0.854** 
 (0.005) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.001) (0.001) (0.088) (0.089) 
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1) 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.006† 0.009 0.009 −0.000 −0.000 0.597** 0.609** 
 (0.006) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.002) (0.002) (0.101) (0.101) 
Born in Urban Area (0–1) −0.008† −0.008† 0.003 0.003 −0.009† −0.009† −0.003* −0.003* 0.133† 0.132† 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.005) (0.005) (0.001) (0.001) (0.076) (0.076) 
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1) −0.010† −0.011* −0.003 −0.004 −0.008 −0.008 0.001 0.001 −0.543** −0.560** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.001) (0.001) (0.083) (0.083) 
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1) 0.018† 0.019† 0.013* 0.013* −0.041** −0.041** −0.007** −0.007** 0.314 0.332† 
 (0.010) (0.010) (0.005) (0.005) (0.013) (0.013) (0.002) (0.002) (0.195) (0.196) 
Survey Year Dummy Variable ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓     ✓ ✓ 
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)     ✓ ✓     
Cohort Trend (1) × Childhood Country FE (18)       ✓ ✓   
R2         .094 .089 
Pseudo R2 .042 .038 .051 .044 .074 .073 .116 .107   
Number of Observations 28,251 28,251 28,251 28,251 18,037 18,037 28,266 28,266 27,939 27,939 
 1+ Ill-Health (0–1) 2+ Ill-Health (0–1) Retired Because of Own Ill-Health (0–1) Ever Worked (0–1) Number of Career Gaps 
Women (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 
Mental (0–1) 0.127**  0.082**  0.068**  0.009  1.265**  
 (0.018)  (0.013)  (0.022)  (0.013)  (0.482)  
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1) 0.047**  0.019**  0.015*  0.019**  −0.128  
 (0.005)  (0.003)  (0.006)  (0.004)  (0.157)  
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1) 0.117**  0.059**  0.066**  0.005  1.588**  
 (0.008)  (0.005)  (0.009)  (0.005)  (0.215)  
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1) 0.037**  0.016**  0.037**  −0.008  0.421  
 (0.009)  (0.006)  (0.011)  (0.007)  (0.280)  
At Least 1 (0–1)  0.089**  0.041**  0.046**  0.015**  0.496** 
  (0.005)  (0.003)  (0.006)  (0.003)  (0.138) 
Rooms (an increase of one room) −0.033** −0.035** −0.011** −0.012** −0.016† −0.016* −0.006 −0.006 −1.669** −1.692** 
 (0.006) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.008) (0.008) (0.004) (0.004) (0.184) (0.185) 
No Books (0–1) 0.026** 0.028** 0.012** 0.013** 0.025** 0.026** −0.029** −0.030** 1.784** 1.826** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.162) (0.162) 
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1) 0.012* 0.013* 0.008* 0.009** 0.017** 0.018** −0.009* −0.009* 0.830** 0.853** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.183) (0.182) 
Born in Urban Area (0–1) 0.006 0.006 0.005† 0.006* −0.003 −0.003 0.010** 0.010** −0.249† −0.247† 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.140) (0.140) 
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1) −0.011* −0.012* −0.000 −0.001 −0.005 −0.006 0.033** 0.034** −1.188** −1.212** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.152) (0.152) 
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1) −0.002 −0.002 −0.015* −0.015* −0.028* −0.028* 0.002 0.002 −0.231 −0.222 
 (0.009) (0.010) (0.007) (0.007) (0.013) (0.013) (0.007) (0.007) (0.302) (0.302) 
Survey Year Dummy Variable ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓     ✓ ✓ 
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)     ✓ ✓     
Cohort Trend (1) × Childhood Country FE (18)       ✓ ✓   
R2         .193 .192 
Pseudo R2 .049 .042 .057 .046 .049 .045 .243 .243   
Number of Observations 36,298 36,298 36,298 36,298 18,870 18,870 36,325 36,325 32,513 32,513 
1+ Ill-Health (0–1)2+ Ill-Health (0–1)Retired Because of Own Ill-Health (0–1)Ever Worked (0–1)Number of Career Gaps
Men(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
Mental (0–1) 0.131**  0.070**  0.054*  −0.038**  3.297**  
 (0.025)  (0.016)  (0.028)  (0.012)  (0.519)  
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1) 0.039**  0.017**  0.013†  −0.000  0.003  
 (0.006)  (0.004)  (0.007)  (0.002)  (0.092)  
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1) 0.095**  0.042**  0.035**  −0.007*  0.893**  
 (0.009)  (0.006)  (0.009)  (0.003)  (0.141)  
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1) 0.029*  0.014†  0.031*  −0.001  0.438*  
 (0.013)  (0.007)  (0.014)  (0.004)  (0.201)  
At Least 1 (0–1)  0.075**  0.033**  0.032**  −0.004*  0.532** 
  (0.006)  (0.003)  (0.006)  (0.002)  (0.083) 
Rooms (an increase of one room) −0.029** −0.029** −0.004 −0.004 −0.027** −0.028** −0.003† −0.003† −0.429** −0.427** 
 (0.007) (0.007) (0.004) (0.004) (0.007) (0.007) (0.001) (0.001) (0.099) (0.099) 
No Books (0–1) 0.033** 0.034** 0.011** 0.012** 0.034** 0.035** −0.003* −0.004* 0.833** 0.854** 
 (0.005) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.001) (0.001) (0.088) (0.089) 
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1) 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.006† 0.009 0.009 −0.000 −0.000 0.597** 0.609** 
 (0.006) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.002) (0.002) (0.101) (0.101) 
Born in Urban Area (0–1) −0.008† −0.008† 0.003 0.003 −0.009† −0.009† −0.003* −0.003* 0.133† 0.132† 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.005) (0.005) (0.001) (0.001) (0.076) (0.076) 
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1) −0.010† −0.011* −0.003 −0.004 −0.008 −0.008 0.001 0.001 −0.543** −0.560** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.001) (0.001) (0.083) (0.083) 
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1) 0.018† 0.019† 0.013* 0.013* −0.041** −0.041** −0.007** −0.007** 0.314 0.332† 
 (0.010) (0.010) (0.005) (0.005) (0.013) (0.013) (0.002) (0.002) (0.195) (0.196) 
Survey Year Dummy Variable ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓     ✓ ✓ 
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)     ✓ ✓     
Cohort Trend (1) × Childhood Country FE (18)       ✓ ✓   
R2         .094 .089 
Pseudo R2 .042 .038 .051 .044 .074 .073 .116 .107   
Number of Observations 28,251 28,251 28,251 28,251 18,037 18,037 28,266 28,266 27,939 27,939 
 1+ Ill-Health (0–1) 2+ Ill-Health (0–1) Retired Because of Own Ill-Health (0–1) Ever Worked (0–1) Number of Career Gaps 
Women (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 
Mental (0–1) 0.127**  0.082**  0.068**  0.009  1.265**  
 (0.018)  (0.013)  (0.022)  (0.013)  (0.482)  
Physical (1 SD below the mean)(0–1) 0.047**  0.019**  0.015*  0.019**  −0.128  
 (0.005)  (0.003)  (0.006)  (0.004)  (0.157)  
Poor/Fair/Changing SRH (0–1) 0.117**  0.059**  0.066**  0.005  1.588**  
 (0.008)  (0.005)  (0.009)  (0.005)  (0.215)  
Severe Headaches or Migraines (0–1) 0.037**  0.016**  0.037**  −0.008  0.421  
 (0.009)  (0.006)  (0.011)  (0.007)  (0.280)  
At Least 1 (0–1)  0.089**  0.041**  0.046**  0.015**  0.496** 
  (0.005)  (0.003)  (0.006)  (0.003)  (0.138) 
Rooms (an increase of one room) −0.033** −0.035** −0.011** −0.012** −0.016† −0.016* −0.006 −0.006 −1.669** −1.692** 
 (0.006) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.008) (0.008) (0.004) (0.004) (0.184) (0.185) 
No Books (0–1) 0.026** 0.028** 0.012** 0.013** 0.025** 0.026** −0.029** −0.030** 1.784** 1.826** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.162) (0.162) 
No Facilities at Home When Aged 10 (0–1) 0.012* 0.013* 0.008* 0.009** 0.017** 0.018** −0.009* −0.009* 0.830** 0.853** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.004) (0.004) (0.183) (0.182) 
Born in Urban Area (0–1) 0.006 0.006 0.005† 0.006* −0.003 −0.003 0.010** 0.010** −0.249† −0.247† 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.140) (0.140) 
Regular Dental Care Since Childhood (0–1) −0.011* −0.012* −0.000 −0.001 −0.005 −0.006 0.033** 0.034** −1.188** −1.212** 
 (0.005) (0.005) (0.003) (0.003) (0.006) (0.006) (0.003) (0.003) (0.152) (0.152) 
Born in or Moved to Current Country at <16 (0–1) −0.002 −0.002 −0.015* −0.015* −0.028* −0.028* 0.002 0.002 −0.231 −0.222 
 (0.009) (0.010) (0.007) (0.007) (0.013) (0.013) (0.007) (0.007) (0.302) (0.302) 
Survey Year Dummy Variable ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE (6 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Childhood Country FE (17 dummy variables) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 
Cohort FE × Childhood Country FE (6 × 17) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓     ✓ ✓ 
Grouped Cohort FE (2) × Childhood Country FE (17)     ✓ ✓     
Cohort Trend (1) × Childhood Country FE (18)       ✓ ✓   
R2         .193 .192 
Pseudo R2 .049 .042 .057 .046 .049 .045 .243 .243   
Number of Observations 36,298 36,298 36,298 36,298 18,870 18,870 36,325 36,325 32,513 32,513 

Notes: Robust standard errors are shown in parentheses. The table presents average marginal effects after probit models on 1+ ill-health episodes (columns 1 and 2), on 2+ ill-health episodes (columns 3 and 4), retired because of own ill-health (columns 5 and 6), and ever worked (columns 7 and 8), and the coefficients from an ordinary least-squares model on the number of career gaps (columns 9 and 10).

†

p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01

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