Hygiene practices understood to negatively affect human ecology
| Change . | Consequence . |
|---|---|
| Clean water | Reduced fecal transmission |
| Increase in cesarean sections | Reduced vaginal transmission |
| Increased use of preterm antibiotics | Reduced vaginal transmission |
| Reduced breastfeeding | Reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment |
| Smaller family size | Reduced early life transmission |
| Widespread antibiotic use | Selection for changing composition |
| Increased bathing, showering, and use of antibacterial soaps | Selection for changing composition |
| Change . | Consequence . |
|---|---|
| Clean water | Reduced fecal transmission |
| Increase in cesarean sections | Reduced vaginal transmission |
| Increased use of preterm antibiotics | Reduced vaginal transmission |
| Reduced breastfeeding | Reduced cutaneous transmission and changed immunological environment |
| Smaller family size | Reduced early life transmission |
| Widespread antibiotic use | Selection for changing composition |
| Increased bathing, showering, and use of antibacterial soaps | Selection for changing composition |
Source: Adapted from Blaser and Falkow 2009, 889.