Estimates of the direct association of childhood poverty with young adulthood poverty (dependent variable) and share mediated through employment, education, and family structure benchmarks
| . | Black Men (n = 1,190) . | White Men (n = 1,652) . | Black Women (n = 1,262) . | White Women (n = 1,603) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Mediating Effect of Benchmarks | ||||
| Total association: Share of childhood in poverty | 0.25*** (0.05) | 0.22*** (0.05) | 0.28*** (0.05) | 0.26*** (0.05) |
| Direct association: Share of childhood in poverty | 0.23*** (0.05) | 0.19*** (0.05) | 0.23*** (0.05) | 0.22*** (0.05) |
| Indirect association mediated through benchmarks | 0.02** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.05*** (0.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) |
| % Mediated through benchmarks | 9.2 | 12.4 | 17.5 | 17.1 |
| B. Estimated Effects of Childhood Poverty and Benchmarks on Young Adult Poverty | ||||
| All three benchmarks (unconfounded) | −0.12*** | −0.06*** | −0.23*** | −0.09*** |
| (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | |
| Share of childhood poverty (direct + indirect) | 0.25*** | 0.22*** | 0.28*** | 0.26*** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
| . | Black Men (n = 1,190) . | White Men (n = 1,652) . | Black Women (n = 1,262) . | White Women (n = 1,603) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Mediating Effect of Benchmarks | ||||
| Total association: Share of childhood in poverty | 0.25*** (0.05) | 0.22*** (0.05) | 0.28*** (0.05) | 0.26*** (0.05) |
| Direct association: Share of childhood in poverty | 0.23*** (0.05) | 0.19*** (0.05) | 0.23*** (0.05) | 0.22*** (0.05) |
| Indirect association mediated through benchmarks | 0.02** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.05*** (0.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) |
| % Mediated through benchmarks | 9.2 | 12.4 | 17.5 | 17.1 |
| B. Estimated Effects of Childhood Poverty and Benchmarks on Young Adult Poverty | ||||
| All three benchmarks (unconfounded) | −0.12*** | −0.06*** | −0.23*** | −0.09*** |
| (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.02) | (0.01) | |
| Share of childhood poverty (direct + indirect) | 0.25*** | 0.22*** | 0.28*** | 0.26*** |
| (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.03) | |
Notes: The results are from Eqs. (3a), (3b), (4a), and (4b). All models feature age, Hispanic status, and year controls.
**p < .01; ***p < .001