Hypotheses and associated contrasts tested
| . | Categoriesa Contrasted . |
|---|---|
| Family Structure Hypotheses: Time With All Adult Children Combined | |
| H1a–H1c. A parent is more likely to spend time and spends more time with children in families with only joint biological children than in families with any stepchildren. | F1 > F2 F1 > F3 F1 > F4 |
| H2a–H2b. Among stepfamilies, a parent is more likely to spend time and spends more time with children if the couple has a joint child. | F2 > F3 F2 > F4 |
| H3. Among stepfamilies without a joint child, a parent is more likely to spend time and spends more time with children if the couple has biological children from only one (vs. each) partner. | F4 > F3 |
| Family Structure–Adult Child Type Hypotheses: Time With Each Adult Child | |
| H4. A parent is more likely to spend time with a joint child in a biological family than in a stepfamily. | F1–C1 > F2–C1 |
| H5. In stepfamilies with joint children, a parent is more likely to spend time with their biological child if that child is a joint child with their current partner. | F2–C1 > F2–C2 |
| H6a–H6c. In stepfamilies, a parent is more likely to spend time with a biological child than with a stepchild. | F2–C2 > F2–C3 F3–C2 > F3–C3 F4–C2 > F4–C3 |
| H7a–H7b. In stepfamilies, a parent is more likely to spend time with a stepchild if there is no joint child in the family. | F3–C3 > F2–C3 F4–C3 > F2–C3 |
| H8. In stepfamilies with no joint children, a parent is more likely to spend time with a stepchild if that parent does not also have a biological child—that is, if only one partner (vs. each partner) has a biological child. | F4–C3 > F3–C3 |
| . | Categoriesa Contrasted . |
|---|---|
| Family Structure Hypotheses: Time With All Adult Children Combined | |
| H1a–H1c. A parent is more likely to spend time and spends more time with children in families with only joint biological children than in families with any stepchildren. | F1 > F2 F1 > F3 F1 > F4 |
| H2a–H2b. Among stepfamilies, a parent is more likely to spend time and spends more time with children if the couple has a joint child. | F2 > F3 F2 > F4 |
| H3. Among stepfamilies without a joint child, a parent is more likely to spend time and spends more time with children if the couple has biological children from only one (vs. each) partner. | F4 > F3 |
| Family Structure–Adult Child Type Hypotheses: Time With Each Adult Child | |
| H4. A parent is more likely to spend time with a joint child in a biological family than in a stepfamily. | F1–C1 > F2–C1 |
| H5. In stepfamilies with joint children, a parent is more likely to spend time with their biological child if that child is a joint child with their current partner. | F2–C1 > F2–C2 |
| H6a–H6c. In stepfamilies, a parent is more likely to spend time with a biological child than with a stepchild. | F2–C2 > F2–C3 F3–C2 > F3–C3 F4–C2 > F4–C3 |
| H7a–H7b. In stepfamilies, a parent is more likely to spend time with a stepchild if there is no joint child in the family. | F3–C3 > F2–C3 F4–C3 > F2–C3 |
| H8. In stepfamilies with no joint children, a parent is more likely to spend time with a stepchild if that parent does not also have a biological child—that is, if only one partner (vs. each partner) has a biological child. | F4–C3 > F3–C3 |
Categories are defined in Table 1. See Table A5 (online appendix) for a summary of the findings.