Predicted parenting time (in minutes) by year and parent gender, and estimated changes in parenting time and gender parenting time gap
| . | Any Time With Children . | Developmental Time . | Secondary Care Time . | Work and Secondary Care Time . | % Work Time in Secondary Care . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . |
| Mothers | 387.2 | 403.6 | 45.2 | 69.8 | 339.1 | 437.4 | 33.3 | 129.2 | 10.8 | 31.6 |
| (367.3–407.2) | (381.8–425.4) | (37.5–53.0) | (59.0–75.7) | (318.4–359.8) | (411.3–463.6) | (18.4–48.3) | (102.1–156.2) | (6.9–14.8) | (24.4–37.9) | |
| Fathers | 212.2 | 259.4 | 29.5 | 36.3 | 205.1 | 277.1 | 18.8 | 64.6 | 4.7 | 13.6 |
| (192.0–232.5) | (226.7–292.2) | (23.5–35.5) | (28.6–44.0) | (182.7–227.6) | (242.9–311.4) | (8.9–28.6) | (47.2–82.0) | (2.6–6.9) | (10.1–17.1) | |
| Gender Difference | 175.0 | 144.2 | 15.7 | 33.5 | 134.0 | 160.3 | 14.5 | 64.6 | 6.1 | 18.0 |
| % Change in the Gender Difference | −17.6 | +113.4 | +19.6 | +345.5 | +195.1 | |||||
| . | Any Time With Children . | Developmental Time . | Secondary Care Time . | Work and Secondary Care Time . | % Work Time in Secondary Care . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . |
| Mothers | 387.2 | 403.6 | 45.2 | 69.8 | 339.1 | 437.4 | 33.3 | 129.2 | 10.8 | 31.6 |
| (367.3–407.2) | (381.8–425.4) | (37.5–53.0) | (59.0–75.7) | (318.4–359.8) | (411.3–463.6) | (18.4–48.3) | (102.1–156.2) | (6.9–14.8) | (24.4–37.9) | |
| Fathers | 212.2 | 259.4 | 29.5 | 36.3 | 205.1 | 277.1 | 18.8 | 64.6 | 4.7 | 13.6 |
| (192.0–232.5) | (226.7–292.2) | (23.5–35.5) | (28.6–44.0) | (182.7–227.6) | (242.9–311.4) | (8.9–28.6) | (47.2–82.0) | (2.6–6.9) | (10.1–17.1) | |
| Gender Difference | 175.0 | 144.2 | 15.7 | 33.5 | 134.0 | 160.3 | 14.5 | 64.6 | 6.1 | 18.0 |
| % Change in the Gender Difference | −17.6 | +113.4 | +19.6 | +345.5 | +195.1 | |||||
Notes: Predicted estimates are based on Model 2 from Tables 2 (mothers) and 3 (fathers). Estimates for the last two columns are based on models from Table 4. 95% confidence intervals are shown in parentheses. Post-hoc Wald tests determined that all gender differences within and between survey waves were statistically significant at p < .05.