Means and frequencies of independent variables and selected covariates
| . | Mothers . | Fathers . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . |
| Parenting Time Outcomes (means) | ||||
| Any caregiving time (minutes) | 378.8 | 411.9* | 216.5 | 255.0* |
| (231.3) | (249.8) | (191.2) | (227.7) | |
| Developmental time (minutes) | 41.6 | 73.3* | 29.7 | 36.1 |
| (73.7) | (112.1) | (53.0) | (69.9) | |
| Secondary care time (minutes) | 335.5 | 441.0* | 207.7 | 274.5* |
| (231.3) | (263.5) | (210.1) | (273.8) | |
| Covariates | ||||
| Work status | ||||
| Full-time | 53 | 43* | 88 | 89 |
| Part-time | 19 | 18 | 6 | 3 |
| Unemployed | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 |
| Not working | 26 | 35* | 4 | 4 |
| Student | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Education | ||||
| High school diploma/GED or less | 33 | 35 | 37 | 35 |
| Some college/associate's degree | 22 | 24 | 21 | 23 |
| College degree | 45 | 42 | 42 | 43 |
| Mean age | 36.6 | 36.4 | 39.0 | 39.3 |
| (7.5) | (8.0) | (8.3) | (7.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 57 | 53 | 63 | 54* |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 13 | 12 | 10 | 14 |
| Hispanic White | 19 | 25 | 17 | 18 |
| Asian | 7 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
| Other race/ethnicity | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 |
| Foreign-born | 28 | 29 | 28 | 32 |
| Mean family income (range, 1–16) | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 13.3 |
| (3.9) | (3.9) | (3.8) | (2.9) | |
| Partnership status | ||||
| Married | 74 | 70 | 84 | 88 |
| Cohabiting | 6 | 7 | 9 | 4 |
| Single | 19 | 24 | 8 | 8 |
| Mean number of children | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| (1.0) | (0.9) | (0.9) | (0.9) | |
| Child aged 0–2 years | 32 | 33 | 33 | 26 |
| Child aged 3–5 years | 37 | 34 | 35 | 36 |
| Child aged 6–12 years | 69 | 72 | 65 | 74* |
| Total n | 381 | 449 | 313 | 322 |
| . | Mothers . | Fathers . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | 2019 . | 2020 . | 2019 . | 2020 . |
| Parenting Time Outcomes (means) | ||||
| Any caregiving time (minutes) | 378.8 | 411.9* | 216.5 | 255.0* |
| (231.3) | (249.8) | (191.2) | (227.7) | |
| Developmental time (minutes) | 41.6 | 73.3* | 29.7 | 36.1 |
| (73.7) | (112.1) | (53.0) | (69.9) | |
| Secondary care time (minutes) | 335.5 | 441.0* | 207.7 | 274.5* |
| (231.3) | (263.5) | (210.1) | (273.8) | |
| Covariates | ||||
| Work status | ||||
| Full-time | 53 | 43* | 88 | 89 |
| Part-time | 19 | 18 | 6 | 3 |
| Unemployed | 3 | 5 | 2 | 4 |
| Not working | 26 | 35* | 4 | 4 |
| Student | 5 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Education | ||||
| High school diploma/GED or less | 33 | 35 | 37 | 35 |
| Some college/associate's degree | 22 | 24 | 21 | 23 |
| College degree | 45 | 42 | 42 | 43 |
| Mean age | 36.6 | 36.4 | 39.0 | 39.3 |
| (7.5) | (8.0) | (8.3) | (7.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 57 | 53 | 63 | 54* |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 13 | 12 | 10 | 14 |
| Hispanic White | 19 | 25 | 17 | 18 |
| Asian | 7 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
| Other race/ethnicity | 4 | 5 | 3 | 4 |
| Foreign-born | 28 | 29 | 28 | 32 |
| Mean family income (range, 1–16) | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 13.3 |
| (3.9) | (3.9) | (3.8) | (2.9) | |
| Partnership status | ||||
| Married | 74 | 70 | 84 | 88 |
| Cohabiting | 6 | 7 | 9 | 4 |
| Single | 19 | 24 | 8 | 8 |
| Mean number of children | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| (1.0) | (0.9) | (0.9) | (0.9) | |
| Child aged 0–2 years | 32 | 33 | 33 | 26 |
| Child aged 3–5 years | 37 | 34 | 35 | 36 |
| Child aged 6–12 years | 69 | 72 | 65 | 74* |
| Total n | 381 | 449 | 313 | 322 |
Notes: Standard deviations are shown in parentheses. Several covariates are not included in the table: living in a metropolitan area, geographic region, time-diary month, and whether time diary was a holiday.
*Indicates that the mean or frequency is statistically different from the 2019 value at p < .05 based on a chi-square or t test.