Heterogeneity in the intergenerational transmission of women's FTFY employment propensities by SES and the second generation's motherhood status
| . | 2nd Generation's Motherhood Status . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | No Young Child . | Young Child . | |||
| . | Low SES . | High SES . | Low SES . | High SES . | Low SES . | High SES . |
| A. High SES: 1st Generation Completed Some College | ||||||
| Linear probability model estimates: 2nd generation's FTFY employment propensity | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .070 | .102* | .086* | .064 | .038 | .168** |
| (.044) | (.058) | (.050) | (.064) | (.051) | (.068) | |
| Low = high p value | .126 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample FTFY employment rate | .495 | .506 | .588 | .617 | .373 | .394 |
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,116 | 796 | 892 | 666 | 850 | 595 |
| Fixed effect model estimates:2nd generation's motherhood FTFY employment penalty | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .035 | .142** | ||||
| (.058) | (.071) | |||||
| Low = high p value | .190 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample motherhood penalty | –.230*** | –.174*** | ||||
| (.017) | (.018) | |||||
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,116 | 796 | ||||
| B. High SES: 2nd Generation Completed 4 Years of College | ||||||
| Linear probability model estimates: 2nd generation's FTFY employment propensity | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .076* | .161*** | .071 | .142** | .085* | .215*** |
| (.041) | (.062) | (.046) | (.069) | (.048) | (.080) | |
| Low = high p value | .162 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample FTFY employment rate | .477 | .550 | .572 | .667 | .358 | .431 |
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,363 | 550 | 1,062 | 495 | 1,047 | 400 |
| Fixed effect model estimates: 2nd generation's motherhood FTFY employment penalty | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .057 | .147* | ||||
| (.055) | (.082) | |||||
| Low = high p value | .266 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample motherhood penalty | –.210*** | –.160*** | ||||
| (.016) | (.020) | |||||
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,363 | 550 | ||||
| . | 2nd Generation's Motherhood Status . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | No Young Child . | Young Child . | |||
| . | Low SES . | High SES . | Low SES . | High SES . | Low SES . | High SES . |
| A. High SES: 1st Generation Completed Some College | ||||||
| Linear probability model estimates: 2nd generation's FTFY employment propensity | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .070 | .102* | .086* | .064 | .038 | .168** |
| (.044) | (.058) | (.050) | (.064) | (.051) | (.068) | |
| Low = high p value | .126 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample FTFY employment rate | .495 | .506 | .588 | .617 | .373 | .394 |
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,116 | 796 | 892 | 666 | 850 | 595 |
| Fixed effect model estimates:2nd generation's motherhood FTFY employment penalty | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .035 | .142** | ||||
| (.058) | (.071) | |||||
| Low = high p value | .190 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample motherhood penalty | –.230*** | –.174*** | ||||
| (.017) | (.018) | |||||
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,116 | 796 | ||||
| B. High SES: 2nd Generation Completed 4 Years of College | ||||||
| Linear probability model estimates: 2nd generation's FTFY employment propensity | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .076* | .161*** | .071 | .142** | .085* | .215*** |
| (.041) | (.062) | (.046) | (.069) | (.048) | (.080) | |
| Low = high p value | .162 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample FTFY employment rate | .477 | .550 | .572 | .667 | .358 | .431 |
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,363 | 550 | 1,062 | 495 | 1,047 | 400 |
| Fixed effect model estimates: 2nd generation's motherhood FTFY employment penalty | ||||||
| 1st generation's FTFY employment history | .057 | .147* | ||||
| (.055) | (.082) | |||||
| Low = high p value | .266 | |||||
| 2nd generation's sample motherhood penalty | –.210*** | –.160*** | ||||
| (.016) | (.020) | |||||
| Number of mother-daughter pairs | 1,363 | 550 | ||||
Notes: See Table 2 for main sample information. Full-time, full-year (FTFY) employment is defined as at least 1,600 hours of paid work in the reference year. The explanatory variable is the share of years when the individual was aged 0–10 during which her mother worked FTFY. Linear probability model estimates come from the full specification used in Table 3 (column 4). Fixed-effect model estimates of the motherhood employment penalty include controls for the interaction of motherhood status with birth cohort, race, division of origin, parental education, and daughter's education. Robust standard errors, clustered at the individual level, appear in parentheses below the coefficients. Regressions are weighted by PSID core family sampling weights.
*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001