Notes: Full-time, full-year (FTFY) employment is defined as at least 1,600 hours of paid work in the reference year. Two alternative definitions of high SES are considered: having at least four years of completed college education or having an hourly wage above the median of the wage distribution for women of the same age. Hourly wage offers are imputed for nonworking women as described in the online appendix. The average SES gap presented in the last row averages the two definitions together.

Source: March Current Population Survey, White or Black women aged 22–49 with at least one young child present in the household.