Duke University Press

Table 2

Logistic regression of death in the next year on age, year, and marital status, and on fixed and time-varying sociodemographic and economic control variables, men and women aged 25 and older, 1984–1999

	Women			Men
							p Value
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Men vs. Women^a
Intercept (reference age 50)	−5.5018**	−4.9870**	−4.9130**	−4.8642**	−4.3754**	−4.0867**	.0000
Intercept (reference age 50)	(0.0597)	(0.0639)	(0.0762)	(0.0482)	(0.0521)	(0.0783)
Year	−0.0338**	−0.0181**	−0.0236**	−0.0478**	−0.0314**	−0.0387**	.0101
Year	(0.0041)	(0.0041)	(0.0042)	(0.0038)	(0.0039)	(0.0041)
Age (centered at age 50)	0.0956**	0.0891**	0.0855**	0.0968**	0.0897**	0.0778**	.0492
Age (centered at age 50)	(0.0022)	(0.0023)	(0.0028)	(0.0016)	(0.0017)	(0.0027)
Unmarried	0.6388**	0.5175**	0.3187**	0.9042**	0.7561**	0.5436**	.0704
Unmarried	(0.0671)	(0.0685)	(0.0716)	(0.0539)	(0.0546)	(0.0586)
Odds ratio	1.89	1.68	1.38	2.47	2.13	1.72
Age 50 × Unmarried	−0.0172**	−0.0158**	−0.0093**	−0.0232**	−0.0203**	−0.0131**	.3078
Age 50 × Unmarried	(0.0027)	(0.0027)	(0.0029)	(0.0022)	(0.0022)	(0.0024)
Fixed Characteristics
Race (ref. = non-Hispanic white)
Black		0.1875*	0.0544		0.2201**	0.0626	.9986
Black		(0.0907)	(0.0931)		(0.0781)	(0.0803)
Black × Age 50		−0.0132**	−0.0095**		−0.0146**	−0.0092**	.9507
Black × Age 50		(0.0035)	(0.0037)		(0.0034)	(0.0035)
Hispanic		−0.1534	−0.2354^†		0.0870	0.0078	.2435
Hispanic		(0.1375)	(0.1399)		(0.1049)	(0.1064)
Hispanic × Age 50		−0.0063	−0.0039		−0.0122*	−0.0100*	.4203
Hispanic × Age 50		(0.0055)	(0.0057)		(0.0049)	(0.0050)
Other		0.0480	0.0151		0.2470	0.1984	.3769
Other		(0.2108)	(0.2150)		(0.1569)	(0.1599)
Other × Age 50		−0.0086	−0.0077		−0.0202**	−0.0185*	.3469
Other × Age 50		(0.0086)	(0.0088)		(0.0071)	(0.0073)
Nativity (ref. = U.S- born)
Born outside U.S.		−0.5375**	−0.4814**		−0.8313**	−0.7679**	.2334
Born outside U.S.		(0.1578)	(0.1602)		(0.1425)	(0.1452)
Born outside U.S. × Age 50		0.0089^†	0.0074		0.0149**	0.0146**	.3424
Born outside U.S. × Age 50		(0.0053)	(0.0054)		(0.0051)	(0.0052)
Education (ref. = less than high school graduate)
High school graduate		−0.8573**	−0.7932**		−0.7583**	−0.6779**	.0717
High school graduate		(0.0458)	(0.0461)		(0.0443)	(0.0445)
Some college		−0.9051**	−0.8079**		−0.9423**	−0.8051**	.9735
Some college		(0.0597)	(0.0603)		(0.0579)	(0.0583)
College graduate		−1.1358**	−0.9982**		−1.1696**	−0.9458**	.6067
College graduate		(0.0782)	(0.0800)		(0.0609)	(0.0627)
Time-Varying Characteristics
Disability
On disability (i.e., DI or SSI)			1.4699**			1.0961**	.0013
On disability (i.e., DI or SSI)			(0.0894)			(0.0783)
Disabled less than one year			0.6524**			0.3683*	.1576
Disabled less than one year			(0.1371)			(0.1470)
On disability × Age 50			−0.0379**			−0.0213**	.0034
On disability × Age 50			(0.0043)			(0.0037)
Employment and earnings
Working last year			−0.3857**			−0.2395**	.0841
Working last year			(0.0690)			(0.0490)
Working if age <55, else 0			0.2025^†			−0.1686^†	.0078
Working if age <55, else 0			(0.1094)			(0.0865)
Earnings if age <41, else 0			−0.5152*			−0.1318	.4097
Earnings if age <41, else 0			(0.2203)			(0.0854)
Earnings if 40 < age < 62, else 0			−0.0685			−0.1495**	.1063
Earnings if 40 < age < 62, else 0			(0.0896)			(0.0403)
Earnings if age > 61, else 0			0.0196			−0.1270**	.1637
Earnings if age > 61, else 0			(0.0957)			(0.0439)
Earnings if age > 61, else 0 × Age 50			0.0096			0.0126**	.6503
Earnings if age > 61, else 0 × Age 50			(0.0058)			(0.0033)
Log-Likelihood	−15,976.9	−15,644.7	−15,421.7	−17,049.3	−16,643.4	–16,379.0
Sample N	312,225	312,225	312,225	269,986	269,986	269,986

	Women			Men
							p Value
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Men vs. Women^a
Intercept (reference age 50)	−5.5018**	−4.9870**	−4.9130**	−4.8642**	−4.3754**	−4.0867**	.0000
Intercept (reference age 50)	(0.0597)	(0.0639)	(0.0762)	(0.0482)	(0.0521)	(0.0783)
Year	−0.0338**	−0.0181**	−0.0236**	−0.0478**	−0.0314**	−0.0387**	.0101
Year	(0.0041)	(0.0041)	(0.0042)	(0.0038)	(0.0039)	(0.0041)
Age (centered at age 50)	0.0956**	0.0891**	0.0855**	0.0968**	0.0897**	0.0778**	.0492
Age (centered at age 50)	(0.0022)	(0.0023)	(0.0028)	(0.0016)	(0.0017)	(0.0027)
Unmarried	0.6388**	0.5175**	0.3187**	0.9042**	0.7561**	0.5436**	.0704
Unmarried	(0.0671)	(0.0685)	(0.0716)	(0.0539)	(0.0546)	(0.0586)
Odds ratio	1.89	1.68	1.38	2.47	2.13	1.72
Age 50 × Unmarried	−0.0172**	−0.0158**	−0.0093**	−0.0232**	−0.0203**	−0.0131**	.3078
Age 50 × Unmarried	(0.0027)	(0.0027)	(0.0029)	(0.0022)	(0.0022)	(0.0024)
Fixed Characteristics
Race (ref. = non-Hispanic white)
Black		0.1875*	0.0544		0.2201**	0.0626	.9986
Black		(0.0907)	(0.0931)		(0.0781)	(0.0803)
Black × Age 50		−0.0132**	−0.0095**		−0.0146**	−0.0092**	.9507
Black × Age 50		(0.0035)	(0.0037)		(0.0034)	(0.0035)
Hispanic		−0.1534	−0.2354^†		0.0870	0.0078	.2435
Hispanic		(0.1375)	(0.1399)		(0.1049)	(0.1064)
Hispanic × Age 50		−0.0063	−0.0039		−0.0122*	−0.0100*	.4203
Hispanic × Age 50		(0.0055)	(0.0057)		(0.0049)	(0.0050)
Other		0.0480	0.0151		0.2470	0.1984	.3769
Other		(0.2108)	(0.2150)		(0.1569)	(0.1599)
Other × Age 50		−0.0086	−0.0077		−0.0202**	−0.0185*	.3469
Other × Age 50		(0.0086)	(0.0088)		(0.0071)	(0.0073)
Nativity (ref. = U.S- born)
Born outside U.S.		−0.5375**	−0.4814**		−0.8313**	−0.7679**	.2334
Born outside U.S.		(0.1578)	(0.1602)		(0.1425)	(0.1452)
Born outside U.S. × Age 50		0.0089^†	0.0074		0.0149**	0.0146**	.3424
Born outside U.S. × Age 50		(0.0053)	(0.0054)		(0.0051)	(0.0052)
Education (ref. = less than high school graduate)
High school graduate		−0.8573**	−0.7932**		−0.7583**	−0.6779**	.0717
High school graduate		(0.0458)	(0.0461)		(0.0443)	(0.0445)
Some college		−0.9051**	−0.8079**		−0.9423**	−0.8051**	.9735
Some college		(0.0597)	(0.0603)		(0.0579)	(0.0583)
College graduate		−1.1358**	−0.9982**		−1.1696**	−0.9458**	.6067
College graduate		(0.0782)	(0.0800)		(0.0609)	(0.0627)
Time-Varying Characteristics
Disability
On disability (i.e., DI or SSI)			1.4699**			1.0961**	.0013
On disability (i.e., DI or SSI)			(0.0894)			(0.0783)
Disabled less than one year			0.6524**			0.3683*	.1576
Disabled less than one year			(0.1371)			(0.1470)
On disability × Age 50			−0.0379**			−0.0213**	.0034
On disability × Age 50			(0.0043)			(0.0037)
Employment and earnings
Working last year			−0.3857**			−0.2395**	.0841
Working last year			(0.0690)			(0.0490)
Working if age <55, else 0			0.2025^†			−0.1686^†	.0078
Working if age <55, else 0			(0.1094)			(0.0865)
Earnings if age <41, else 0			−0.5152*			−0.1318	.4097
Earnings if age <41, else 0			(0.2203)			(0.0854)
Earnings if 40 < age < 62, else 0			−0.0685			−0.1495**	.1063
Earnings if 40 < age < 62, else 0			(0.0896)			(0.0403)
Earnings if age > 61, else 0			0.0196			−0.1270**	.1637
Earnings if age > 61, else 0			(0.0957)			(0.0439)
Earnings if age > 61, else 0 × Age 50			0.0096			0.0126**	.6503
Earnings if age > 61, else 0 × Age 50			(0.0058)			(0.0033)
Log-Likelihood	−15,976.9	−15,644.7	−15,421.7	−17,049.3	−16,643.4	–16,379.0
Sample N	312,225	312,225	312,225	269,986	269,986	269,986

Notes: Numbers in parentheses are standard errors. Disability is identified by DI = Disability Insurance Program, and SSI = Supplemental Security Income Program.

Source: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 1984, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1996 panels, matched to the Social Security Administration Detailed Earnings Record, Summary Earnings Record, Master Beneficiary Record, Supplemental Security Record, and Death Master File.

^aStatistical significance of difference between men and women reported for Model 3.

^†p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01

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