Note: Laws collected from original and secondary sources.

^aKentucky lists an 1879 ruling prior to an 1880 law. Massachusetts has an 1812 ruling prior to an 1845 law. Although the Dakota Territory’s law is 1877, South Dakota lists 1899, whereas North Dakota books use 1877. Oklahoma uses the 1875 Indian territories’ date. Pennsylvania has a ruling in 1846 and a law in 1860. Neither the Dakotas nor Oklahoma are included in the data set. Results are robust to coding the ruling versus the law.