Table 3

Cross-sectional model results for modern contraceptive use for rural and other urban Kaduna and Oyo States: Control variables

Rural ModelOther Urban Model
Coef.SEMarginSE MarginCoef.SEMarginSE Margin
Oyo State –0.820 1.068 –0.074 0.088 1.708** 0.549 0.218 0.068 
Age (years) (ref. = 15–19) 
  20–24 0.720* 0.316 0.080 0.039 1.768*** 0.317 0.250 0.044 
  25–29 1.304*** 0.313 0.159 0.043 1.994*** 0.331 0.290 0.047 
  30–34 1.140*** 0.323 0.137 0.045 2.055*** 0.338 0.304 0.049 
  35–39 1.398*** 0.325 0.178 0.048 2.154*** 0.345 0.327 0.052 
  40–44 1.200** 0.346 0.151 0.051 2.158*** 0.347 0.332 0.053 
  45–49 0.761* 0.378 0.089 0.050 1.835*** 0.366 0.279 0.058 
Education (ref. = none) 
  Primary 0.543** 0.202 0.058 0.023 0.640** 0.235 0.087 0.034 
  Junior secondary 0.497* 0.253 0.055 0.030 0.506 0.288 0.069 0.042 
  Senior secondary 0.503* 0.249 0.055 0.029 0.583* 0.245 0.077 0.034 
  Higher 1.209* 0.487 0.158 0.077 0.779** 0.269 0.108 0.040 
In Union 1.119*** 0.277 0.090 0.017 0.534** 0.189 0.064 0.021 
Muslim –1.243*** 0.206 –0.123 0.020 –0.299* 0.145 –0.039 0.019 
Primary Language Spoken at Home (ref. = Hausa) 
  Yoruba 0.772 1.062 0.086 0.129 –0.818 0.550 –0.100 0.064 
  English 0.554 0.557 0.064 0.072 –1.068* 0.482 –0.111 0.039 
Wealth (ref. = richest) 
  Poorest 1.252 0.751 0.135 0.085 –0.619 0.384 –0.071 0.039 
  Poor 1.455 0.745 0.166 0.094 –0.639* 0.299 –0.074 0.031 
  Middle 1.823* 0.738 0.231 0.109 0.021 0.200 0.003 0.026 
  Rich 1.553* 0.741 0.211 0.123 0.226 0.166 0.029 0.022 
σμ 0.466*** 0.106   0.495*** 0.103   
Sample Size 2,330    2,245    
Rural ModelOther Urban Model
Coef.SEMarginSE MarginCoef.SEMarginSE Margin
Oyo State –0.820 1.068 –0.074 0.088 1.708** 0.549 0.218 0.068 
Age (years) (ref. = 15–19) 
  20–24 0.720* 0.316 0.080 0.039 1.768*** 0.317 0.250 0.044 
  25–29 1.304*** 0.313 0.159 0.043 1.994*** 0.331 0.290 0.047 
  30–34 1.140*** 0.323 0.137 0.045 2.055*** 0.338 0.304 0.049 
  35–39 1.398*** 0.325 0.178 0.048 2.154*** 0.345 0.327 0.052 
  40–44 1.200** 0.346 0.151 0.051 2.158*** 0.347 0.332 0.053 
  45–49 0.761* 0.378 0.089 0.050 1.835*** 0.366 0.279 0.058 
Education (ref. = none) 
  Primary 0.543** 0.202 0.058 0.023 0.640** 0.235 0.087 0.034 
  Junior secondary 0.497* 0.253 0.055 0.030 0.506 0.288 0.069 0.042 
  Senior secondary 0.503* 0.249 0.055 0.029 0.583* 0.245 0.077 0.034 
  Higher 1.209* 0.487 0.158 0.077 0.779** 0.269 0.108 0.040 
In Union 1.119*** 0.277 0.090 0.017 0.534** 0.189 0.064 0.021 
Muslim –1.243*** 0.206 –0.123 0.020 –0.299* 0.145 –0.039 0.019 
Primary Language Spoken at Home (ref. = Hausa) 
  Yoruba 0.772 1.062 0.086 0.129 –0.818 0.550 –0.100 0.064 
  English 0.554 0.557 0.064 0.072 –1.068* 0.482 –0.111 0.039 
Wealth (ref. = richest) 
  Poorest 1.252 0.751 0.135 0.085 –0.619 0.384 –0.071 0.039 
  Poor 1.455 0.745 0.166 0.094 –0.639* 0.299 –0.074 0.031 
  Middle 1.823* 0.738 0.231 0.109 0.021 0.200 0.003 0.026 
  Rich 1.553* 0.741 0.211 0.123 0.226 0.166 0.029 0.022 
σμ 0.466*** 0.106   0.495*** 0.103   
Sample Size 2,330    2,245    

Note: Coefficients presented are from individual exposure model but are representative of all three models.

p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001

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