Factors of staggered implementation of the reform, 1890–1917: OLS regression estimates
| . | Year of Implementation . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levels: 1880 . | Differences: 1890 to 1880 . | |||
| Mean (SD) . | Estimate (p value) . | Mean (SD) . | Estimate (p value) . | |
| Log Real Investment in Health Care per Parish | 7.260 | 3.994** | –– | –– |
| (0.796) | (.000) | |||
| Log Real Education, Infrastructure, and Welfare Spending per Parish | 9.402 | 3.002** | –– | –– |
| (0.675) | (.000) | |||
| Log Population per Parish | 7.232 | –1.188* | –0.027 | –12.510** |
| (0.753) | (.016) | (0.123) | (.000) | |
| Share of Elite and Industrial Workers in Population of Men Aged | 0.266 | 4.984 | –0.009 | –3.140 |
| (0.109) | (.146) | (0.079) | (.509) | |
| Share of Agricultural Workers in Population of Men Aged 15–55 | 0.406 | 1.146 | 0.013 | 8.072† |
| (0.103) | (.751) | (0.088) | (.056) | |
| Mean Age of Woman | 29.250 | 0.196 | 1.319 | 1.021 |
| (1.890) | (.322) | (1.418) | (.834) | |
| Share of Women in Total | 0.507 | 20.445 | 0.001 | 0.234 |
| (0.017) | (.341) | (0.015) | (.373) | |
| Share in Labor Force in Total, Ages 15–55 | 0.666 | 9.058* | 0.028 | 32.367 |
| (0.095) | (.021) | (0.077) | (.196) | |
| Share Married in Total, Ages 15–55 | 0.480 | –8.853 | 0.002 | 4.546 |
| (0.055) | (.189) | (0.037) | (.656) | |
| Mean Family Size | 4.015 | –2.987** | –0.189 | –1.105 |
| (0.449) | (.000) | (0.305) | (.366) | |
| Share Under Age 1 in Total | 0.025 | –93.097 | –0.002 | –48.321 |
| (0.005) | (.189) | (0.006) | (.410) | |
| Share Above Age 55 in Total | 0.150 | 15.377 | 0.028 | 19.750 |
| (0.024) | (.314) | (0.021) | (.270) | |
| Mortality Rate Under Age 15 | 0.753 | –0.074 | 6.226 | –0.000 |
| (2.642) | (.600) | (18.157) | (.983) | |
| Share of (Non)disabled | 0.992 | 25.982 | 0.000 | 78.553 |
| (0.006) | (.697) | (0.006) | (.234) | |
| Railway | 0.234 | 0.703 | –0.077 | 0.364 |
| (0.424) | (.425) | (0.447) | (.664) | |
| Water Supplies Improvements | 0.037 | 3.735† | 0.109 | 2.548 |
| (0.188) | (.060) | (0.055) | (.251) | |
| Number of Parishes | 492 | 492 | 492 | 492 |
| . | Year of Implementation . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levels: 1880 . | Differences: 1890 to 1880 . | |||
| Mean (SD) . | Estimate (p value) . | Mean (SD) . | Estimate (p value) . | |
| Log Real Investment in Health Care per Parish | 7.260 | 3.994** | –– | –– |
| (0.796) | (.000) | |||
| Log Real Education, Infrastructure, and Welfare Spending per Parish | 9.402 | 3.002** | –– | –– |
| (0.675) | (.000) | |||
| Log Population per Parish | 7.232 | –1.188* | –0.027 | –12.510** |
| (0.753) | (.016) | (0.123) | (.000) | |
| Share of Elite and Industrial Workers in Population of Men Aged | 0.266 | 4.984 | –0.009 | –3.140 |
| (0.109) | (.146) | (0.079) | (.509) | |
| Share of Agricultural Workers in Population of Men Aged 15–55 | 0.406 | 1.146 | 0.013 | 8.072† |
| (0.103) | (.751) | (0.088) | (.056) | |
| Mean Age of Woman | 29.250 | 0.196 | 1.319 | 1.021 |
| (1.890) | (.322) | (1.418) | (.834) | |
| Share of Women in Total | 0.507 | 20.445 | 0.001 | 0.234 |
| (0.017) | (.341) | (0.015) | (.373) | |
| Share in Labor Force in Total, Ages 15–55 | 0.666 | 9.058* | 0.028 | 32.367 |
| (0.095) | (.021) | (0.077) | (.196) | |
| Share Married in Total, Ages 15–55 | 0.480 | –8.853 | 0.002 | 4.546 |
| (0.055) | (.189) | (0.037) | (.656) | |
| Mean Family Size | 4.015 | –2.987** | –0.189 | –1.105 |
| (0.449) | (.000) | (0.305) | (.366) | |
| Share Under Age 1 in Total | 0.025 | –93.097 | –0.002 | –48.321 |
| (0.005) | (.189) | (0.006) | (.410) | |
| Share Above Age 55 in Total | 0.150 | 15.377 | 0.028 | 19.750 |
| (0.024) | (.314) | (0.021) | (.270) | |
| Mortality Rate Under Age 15 | 0.753 | –0.074 | 6.226 | –0.000 |
| (2.642) | (.600) | (18.157) | (.983) | |
| Share of (Non)disabled | 0.992 | 25.982 | 0.000 | 78.553 |
| (0.006) | (.697) | (0.006) | (.234) | |
| Railway | 0.234 | 0.703 | –0.077 | 0.364 |
| (0.424) | (.425) | (0.447) | (.664) | |
| Water Supplies Improvements | 0.037 | 3.735† | 0.109 | 2.548 |
| (0.188) | (.060) | (0.055) | (.251) | |
| Number of Parishes | 492 | 492 | 492 | 492 |
Notes: All characteristics are at the parish level. The dependent variable is year of implementation (continuous, mean = 1,906.957, SD = 8.263). Each coefficient is estimated separately. Means are displayed for the respective independent variables, with standard deviations below them in parentheses. See online appendix B for data sources and descriptions. Parish-level indicators are gathered from censuses 1880, 1890, 1900, and 1910, and from Statistiska Centralbyrån, BISOS U and K 1880–1917. Public investment data (Log Real Investment in Health Care per Parish and Log Real Education, Infrastructure, and Welfare Spending per Parish) are gathered for the year 1880 and reform years (varying across 1890–1917). Because of the upward trend in all types of investments, differences between these investments correlate with a year of implementation by construction; therefore, the results for these covariates are omitted.
†p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01