Urban residence, population density, sanitation, and mortality: International sample
| . | Infant Mortality Deaths per 1,000 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
| Urban | –16.06*** | –7.050*** | –6.047*** | –5.751** | ||
| (1.502) | (1.614) | (1.753) | (1.760) | |||
| Local Open Defecation | 27.22*** | 28.28*** | 32.38*** | 28.71*** | ||
| (3.945) | (4.119) | (2.924) | (3.742) | |||
| Urban × Local Open Defecation | 5.592† | 4.472 | ||||
| (3.256) | (3.288) | |||||
| ln(Density) | –2.121*** | –0.331 | 0.0357 | |||
| (0.578) | (0.645) | (0.626) | ||||
| ln(Density) × Local Open Defecation | 3.321* | 2.929* | ||||
| (1.381) | (1.366) | |||||
| n (live births) | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 |
| . | Infant Mortality Deaths per 1,000 . | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
| Urban | –16.06*** | –7.050*** | –6.047*** | –5.751** | ||
| (1.502) | (1.614) | (1.753) | (1.760) | |||
| Local Open Defecation | 27.22*** | 28.28*** | 32.38*** | 28.71*** | ||
| (3.945) | (4.119) | (2.924) | (3.742) | |||
| Urban × Local Open Defecation | 5.592† | 4.472 | ||||
| (3.256) | (3.288) | |||||
| ln(Density) | –2.121*** | –0.331 | 0.0357 | |||
| (0.578) | (0.645) | (0.626) | ||||
| ln(Density) × Local Open Defecation | 3.321* | 2.929* | ||||
| (1.381) | (1.366) | |||||
| n (live births) | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 | 1,112,465 |
Notes: Standard errors are clustered by 172 DHS. All regressions include a country fixed effect. Interacted variables are demeaned to preserve interpretation across columns.
†p < .10; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-sided tests)