Table IV Color, Ethnic Origins and Place...

Table IV

Color, Ethnic Origins and Place of Birth of Manumitted Slaves, 1684-1745.

	Number	% of Group	% of Total
Brazil
Crioulo	221	34	23
Mulatto	404	61	43
Caboclo^a	33	5	3
Total	658	100	69
Africa
Congo-Angola
Congo Angola Banguela Loanda Guibanje^b	$\begin{array}{c} 5 \\ 42 \\ 2 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{array}}$	17	5
Gold Coast
Mina Mina Ladini^c Mina Courani^d Mina Sabara^e	$\begin{array}{c} 106 \\ 1 \\ 4 \\ 1 \end{array}}$	38	12
Bight of Benin
Arda^f Samba^g Gege	$\begin{array}{c} 10 \\ 1 \\ 4 \end{array}}$	5	2
Bight of Biafra
Calabar São Tome	$\begin{matrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{matrix}}$
Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau
Guiné^h Cabo Verdeⁱ Monjollo (Djula)	$\begin{array}{c} 105 \\ 3 \\ 1 \end{array}}$	38	12
Unknown
Africa	1
Total	292	100	31
Grand Total	950		100

	Number	% of Group	% of Total
Brazil
Crioulo	221	34	23
Mulatto	404	61	43
Caboclo^a	33	5	3
Total	658	100	69
Africa
Congo-Angola
Congo Angola Banguela Loanda Guibanje^b	$\begin{array}{c} 5 \\ 42 \\ 2 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{array}}$	17	5
Gold Coast
Mina Mina Ladini^c Mina Courani^d Mina Sabara^e	$\begin{array}{c} 106 \\ 1 \\ 4 \\ 1 \end{array}}$	38	12
Bight of Benin
Arda^f Samba^g Gege	$\begin{array}{c} 10 \\ 1 \\ 4 \end{array}}$	5	2
Bight of Biafra
Calabar São Tome	$\begin{matrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{matrix}}$
Senegambia, Guinea-Bissau
Guiné^h Cabo Verdeⁱ Monjollo (Djula)	$\begin{array}{c} 105 \\ 3 \\ 1 \end{array}}$	38	12
Unknown
Africa	1
Total	292	100	31
Grand Total	950		100

Note: Organization of ethnic groups and ports of origin has been based on Philip Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Madison, 1969), esp. pp. 183-190.

Includes one Cabra.

Probably Casange.

c,d,e

The ethnic designations are unclear, but all slaves in these categories were referred to as Minas. The Portuguese applied this term not only to slaves coming from El Mina on the Gold Coast, but to all slaves from the Gold Coast to the Bight of Benin.

Refers to area of coastal Dahomey.

Probably Somba. It should be noted that in Pular and a number of other West African languages, Samba is a standard name given to second sons.

Guiné was the common designation used in the seventeenth century for all African slaves. It was not uncommon to refer to a slave as “negro de guiné de Angola.” Whenever a more specific place of origin is mentioned, I have listed the slave under it. Otherwise they have been placed in the category Guiné.

Cabo Verde refers not to specific peoples but to the port of embarkation.

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