In 2008, having discovered several years earlier a fossil of the transitional creature Tiktaalik roseae, the “fish with hands,” the evolutionary biologist Neil Shubin published a national bestseller titled Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. In 1877, Samuel Butler wrote that we and “the fish of fifty million years back . . . are one single living being”: just as “the octogenarian is one single living being with the infant from which he has grown,” argued Butler, so too “the fish has lived himself into manhood [sic], not as we live out our little life, living, and living, and living until we die, but living by pulsations . . . living so far, and after a certain time going into a new body, and throwing off the old” (127). While Shubin’s and Butler’s understandings of the history of life...

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