... -110. Parthood Theodore Sider Rutgers University 1. First, a Digression: Expansion and Contraction There will be a few themes. One to get us going: expansion versus con- traction. About an object, o...

... Aristotle construes psychic parthood, it cannot be more than a necessary condition that a part of soul be a part of a definition of soul. The closing chapters of The Powers of Aristotle's Soul are the most interesting for Johansen's thesis that DA is an exercise in faculty psychology. Having already...

.... Sider, Theodore. 2001 . Four-Dimensionalism: An Ontology of Persistence and Time . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ____. 2007 . “Parthood.” Philosophical Review 116 : 51 -91. Simons, Peter. 1987 . Parts: A Study in Ontology . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Spinoza, Benedict. 1994...

... settlers.) Given Parts of Strongly Exhaustive Questions , consider now the following account of (proper) parts of a true answer: Parthood Let α  =  <  p , Q > be a true complete answer. A proposition q is a (proper) part of α iff q completely and truly settles some (proper) part...

...): 107–34. 3 See also Theodore Sider, “Four-Dimensionalism,” Philosophical Review 106 (1997): 197–231. 4 See Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, 211ff. 5 See Judith Jarvis Thomson, “Parthood and Identity Through Time,” Journal of Phi- losophy 80 (1983): 201–20...

... competing answers.) My summary will use language very differ- ent from hers, since it will rely heavily on the language of parthood, and she is extremely hostile to any attempt to use the concept “part” in connection with her theory. Nevertheless, the use I make of this concept is innocuous, and my...

... or Cartesian egos, and she seems to see her main opponents as animalists, who fail to recognize their difference from the biological animal. In the course of expounding her well-known view, she presents some very helpful remarks about mereology and parthood, but their good sense is, as far as I can see...

... Theodore Sider, “Four-Dimensionalism,” Philosophical Review 106 (1997): 197–231. 4 See Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, 211ff. 5 See Judith Jarvis Thomson, “Parthood and Identity Through Time,” Journal of Phi- losophy 80 (1983): 201–20. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 112...

... with structure . He gives an example: “The smile on Marie’s face does not consist in a parthood relation between two items, Marie’s smile and her face. Rather it consists in one item, Marie’s face, being structured in a certain way, that is, in Marie’s face being smiley” (36). There is, then, structure inherent...

..., and Twin- Fred still counts as a counterpart of Fred. The second explanation of the contextual shift appeals to the fact that, in order to be a counterpart of Fred by Lewis’s definition of counter- parthood, Twin-Fred must not have a worldmate who is more similar to Fred than he (Twin-Fred...

... specifically, epistemic counter- parthood is a three-place relation of similarity (x is an epistemic counter- part of y for a subject S) that captures a way a subject thinks of a certain object. y, z, are epistemic counterparts of x for S just in case (a) S has beliefs about x and (b) y, z, possess all...

.... 27. This appearance isn’t beyond argument. Some living beings within living human-beings-1 (for example, the bacteria that live in our guts) are not human-beings- 2; there’s more to parthood than interiority, and perhaps oocytes aren’t parts of the human...

..., there is no commitment to mereological universalism, a topic-neutral notion of parthood, temporal parts, or any claims about the persistence conditions or essential properties of gerrymandered objects. All we need are spatiotemporal gerrymandered objects like trout-turkeys and constellations, not (for example), trout...

... below. 157 LOUIS DEROSSET and their physical parts.8 Another, stronger version of the Humean claim rules out necessary connections between any distinct things, even if they are related by parthood or membership.9 I will say that two things...

... formally occupies p at t and is formally composed of the xsatt,ando ∗ formally occupies p at t and is formally composed of the xsat t.39 37. Formal predications of parthood, such as ‘The engine is a part of the car at t’, are a special case of implicit containment...

... percentage points in speeded classification tasks (Dodge and Karam 2017; Geirhos et al. 2018), human beings are unparalleled in their ability to recover 3D-scene geometry (Spelke and Kinzler 2007), object parthood (Green 2017), physical and relational properties (Wu et al. 2015; Hafri, Papafragou...