Search Results for justified

..., such as a sensitivity to the relations among the evidence possessed by group members and the epistemic obligations that arise via membership in the group. These constraints bear significantly on whether groups have justified belief. At the same time, however, group justifiedness on the GEAA is still largely a matter...

... have both justifying and requiring strength, one’s motivating reasons can no more coincide with the normative reasons of relevance to one’s action than a line can coincide with a square, or a square with a cube. It is possible to amend the Coincident Reasons Thesis so that it concerns only one...

...Zoe Jenkin According to a traditional picture, perception and belief have starkly different epistemic roles. Beliefs have epistemic statuses as justified or unjustified, depending on how they are formed and maintained. In contrast, perceptions are “unjustified justifiers.” Core cognition is a set...

...Kieran Oberman This article addresses a previously overlooked problem in the ethics of defensive killing. Everyone agrees that defensive killing can only be justified when it is necessary. But necessary for what? That seemingly simple question turns out to be surprisingly difficult to answer...

...”; all other instances are “nonjustifying.” Using this terminology, we can now ask the question (Q2) What is the difference between justifying instances of the basing relation (i.e., those instances that generate ex post justifiedness for an agent's C'ing, given that she C's on the basis of normative...

.... The timocrat by contrast represents the second-best kind of moral agent that the best nature (gold-souled individuals) can develop into. The timocrat is morally inferior to the auxiliary and seems to embody Homeric shame-culture. Plato is critical of this approach to morality, but the timocrat justifiably...

... (the reasons morally justifying them) coincide. The essay calls this the Coincident Reasons Thesis and argues that it provides plausible necessary and sufficient conditions for morally worthy action, defending the claim against proposed counterexamples. It ends by showing that the plausibility of the thesis...

...Daniel Wodak Political egalitarians hold that there is a distinct ideal of political equality, which defines and justifies democracy. So what is political equality? The orthodox view says it is equality of opportunity for political influence , not equality of political influence . The first goal...

... justified (a thesis the article labels Standard Phenomenal Conservatism ). This thesis captures the special kind of epistemic import that seemings are claimed to have. To get clearer on this thesis, the article embeds it, first, in a probabilistic framework in which updating on new evidence happens...

... you believe p, and you have good reason to believe that your epistemic peer disagrees with you, you are not justified in believing p because that belief is no longer well grounded. This picture of the epistemology of peer disagreement offers a reconciliation of some of the main competing views...

... intuitive closure principle. Roughly, closure principles say that if Pa and Rab, then Pb. In epistemological contexts, the relevant P will be an epistemic property, such as being justified or known, and R will be something like being competently deduced from or being known to entail. Transmission...

... by considering how one might use one’s noninferentially justified introspective beliefs to arrive at inferentially justified perceptual beliefs. After some stage-setting in chapter 6, Sosa argues against internalism in chapters 7 and 8 and then, in the next chapter, defends his own brand of exter...

... the chief holds the detective's abilities in high or low regard, and whether he has good reasons supporting whatever attitude he holds. So we cannot say, based solely on the information in the story, whether the detective is justified in the first place in concluding that it was Professor Plum who committed...

... 533 Joshua Gert the notions of reasons and rationality as basic and then goes on to try to explain and justify morality in terms of these notions.2 This essay is con- cerned with these prior notions and not directly with morality. Normative reasons need...

... be measured. BonJour opens by arguing that a priori justification must be taken seri- ously. All beliefs directly justified solely by experience are particular in their content. The justification of beliefs whose content goes beyond direct ex- 103...

... systems in which they are embedded. 24 Justification, for the internalist, is a sort of meritocratic good: it is available to all minimally competent agents, regardless of their circumstances, distorted or veridical. All that is required to be internalistically justified is individual conscientiousness...

..., in Train Case 1, you have good enough evidence to know that the train stops in Foxboro. You are epistemically justified in believ- ing that proposition.1 Train Case 2. You absolutely need to be in Foxboro, the sooner the better. Your career depends on it. You’ve got tickets for a south...

... is a particular nor- mative proposition connecting an item of information with a belief that it epistemically justifies. Boghossian offers the following example: If it visually seems to Galileo that there are mountains on the moon, then Galileo is prima facie justified in believing...

... themes and lessons from the more extensive literature in ethics. Consequentialism in ethics is a first-order theory of right action, and consequentialism in epistemology is best understood as a theory of justified belief of the same sort. 2 Following Kagan (1992, 1997) , I divide first-order...

... a connection between what people value and what really is valuable. The connection is roughly that if our valuing of some object is able to “withstand reflective scrutiny,” then that object is valuable ( 1996c, 93 ). To justify the connection, she relies on a metaethical claim about the nature of value: “Value...