...Stephanie Collins Pasternak Avia , Responsible Citizens, Irresponsible States: Should Citizens Pay for Their State’s Wrongdoings? : Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2021 . 249 pp. © 2023 by Cornell University 2023 Anyone who has lived abroad knows the frustration...

... and scope of citizens’ duty to resist injustice is philosophically sound and written for the political reality of our time. She engages with complex ideas and advances controversial claims, but remains engaging and accessible. Remarkably, she does not shy away from making specific, action-guiding...

... they are best suited). Second, philosopher-rulers ensure that models of ideals are disseminated throughout the city so that the citizens have the right conception of what is good, fine, and just, thereby shaping their souls so that they are in good condition. In chapter 4, Thakkar argues that Plato thinks...

... of a republic resting upon equal freedom of its citizens, a mixed constitution, and vigilant citizenry. In a first step, Pettit restates the conception of FND and analyzes it on the basis of a freedom of choice model: Agents are free with regard to an option if it is up to only them to decide if they want...

... to happiness” (108), though she thinks that the general impression is more in favor of the stronger sufficiency thesis. In any case, virtue is the aim of the law code, and all other worldly benefits are given a subordinated priority in the citizens' lives, where it is clear that the city must plan to provide...

... that he delivered shortly before his death in 1984. The main thesis of the lectures is that those dialogues are linked by the theme of care for oneself or of one’s soul, and that Socrates, having attempted to care for the souls of his fellow-citizens by his philosophical activity in his...

... and their correlative obligations in others. In this book he argues that democracy understood as “that set of institutions and procedures by which individuals are empowered as free and equal citizens to form and change the terms of their common life together, including democracy itself” (45) realizes nondomina...

... rights and interests and the normative power to shape those rights and their correlative obligations in others. In this book he argues that democracy understood as “that set of institutions and procedures by which individuals are empowered as free and equal citizens to form and change the terms...

... as a transcendent or even extra-political source of external ethical standards” (145). Chapter 5 returns to issues of stability and habituation. Given Aristotle’s concerns that frequent or major changes in legislation could undermine habituation and the obedience of the citizens (112–15), Duke argues...

...) This passage certainly suggests that voting by the citizens-a ma- jority vote, in fact (4.2.7)-determines the content of the general will. In that case, however, there are only two ways in which the over-simple account can be reconciled with this passage. Either the majority, in voting, always intends...

... citizens. The powerless in particular need the protections offered by toleration in order to live a good life. Moreover, a good life will not truly be available to them unless tolerance is seen as a virtue and not simply a practice. Thus, Oberdiek speaks favorably of understanding difference and moving...

...) liber- alism may well involve is this: liberal neutrality bars appeal to controversial moral conceptions in the public justification of basic constitutional prin- ciples, but it is those very moral conceptions that ground citizens’ own 604...

... for citizens on different sides of these issues to recognize the legitimacy of the positions of their opponents. Through extensive discussions of the public debates in the US. about abortion, surrogacy, affirmative action, and pornography, she argues that taking such an interpretive turn...

... and Dennis Thompson for embracing a conception of good cit- izenship that demands too much of citizens, in particular that deeply religious people be able and willing to offer publicly accessible reasons for their policy preferences. He attacks contemporary liberals who sanction what he sees as excessive...

... on the interests of victims, is distinctively preoccupied with limits on the appropri- ate use of public powers. It “is concerned with the accountability of govern- ments, and with accountability for the performance of public functions, to citizens qua citizens, rather than citizens qua holders of rights...

..., and the state in which no god exists.10 Since I aim to maximize expected value, I will proceed by con- structing a decision matrix in order to determine the expected val- ues of my options. The matrix I will construct employs the following variables: c = the number of Christian citizens...

... of political authority. What reason is there for citizens to obey the state's laws and regulations (independent of the directive power that states have to enforce compliance)? McMahon's answer is that living in a state enables us all to secure “the benefits of cooperation” (74), and living in a state...

... to limit its operation and extent. For example, his distinction between active and passive citizens is based on a recognition that inequality of condition generates dependency and limits the development of the person. Thus, Kant’s account of public right implies a commitment to a fairly substantial...

... of philosophical practice” (9). This explains the book’s architectonic: its two parts contain parallel chapters. Part 1, “Aspects of the Athenian Civic Self-Image,” consists of four chapters: 1, on the hero cult of the tyrant-slayers; 2, on the citizen as parrhesiastes (frank speaker); 3, on the citizen...

... citizens in defining race plays a key role in motivating the view. He argues that social and biological racial realism fail because of discrepancies between what ordinary US citizens believe about race (specifically, that there would still be races in a postracist world and that races are distinguishable...