Scholarship on Kant’s theory of the mind has, with a few notable exceptions, tended to focus on the formal aspects of Kant’s view: Kant’s transcendental philosophy, Kant’s categorical imperative of morality, and Kant’s theory of the “free play of the faculties” as the ground of pure aesthetic judgments. Where Kant’s theory of empirical knowledge is concerned, the focus has tended to be on Kant’s theory of the natural sciences—namely, sciences of outer objects. In her important book, Katharina Kraus argues that Kant’s theory of inner experience (the empirical knowledge of the objects of inner sense) is just as rich and complex as his theory of outer experience (the empirical knowledge of the objects of outer sense). In both cases, she notes, Kant appeals to the fundamental faculties of the mind and their respective a priori forms to account for the possibility of cognition and knowledge. But those forms and the...
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