... to 1947. The Crusades were only one part of the long struggle between East and West. The fall of Jerusalem to Moslem conquerors in a.d. 638 antedated the preaching of the First Crusade by more than four and one-half centuries. Yet, after this conquest, the position of the native Christians under Moslem...

.... New York: Columbia University Press, 1957. Pp. xiv, 428. $6.75. One of the many pressing problems facing Lenin and the Soviet government in 1917 was that of the relations of the Great Russians and the central government with the Moslems of Central Asia some twenty millions of them who had risen...

... of strenuous efforts of the authorities, as the European bureaucrats did not learn them and few Moslems could take their places. Some progress was made in getting the Asians into Soviet schools and dents were made in adult illiteracy, but the lack of teachers from their ranks prevented rapid advances...

... Arabs are nationalists as the Greeks and the Armenians are. We shall go astray if we talk of liberating non-Turkish Moslems from Turkish rule. Such a thesis, we repeat, is incomprehensible to the West­ ern European and to the American who differentiate between religion and nationality. An American...

.... New York: Columbia University Press, 1957. Pp. xiv, 428. $6.75. One of the many pressing problems facing Lenin and the Soviet government in 1917 was that of the relations of the Great Russians and the central government with the Moslems of Central Asia some twenty millions of them who had risen...

... her defeat in the Balkan wars, Turkey proposed an exchange of population with her victorious neighbors who had attacked her in order to liberate the Greeks, Bulgarians, and Serbs in European Turkey. It is reported that the Moslems in Greece hated being exchanged, that the half-million Greeks who...

... of Spain between the eighth and the sixteenth centuries. The Moslem invasion of Spain in 711 is the decisive event in Spanish history. During the long reconquest the structure of Spanish life was forged. The HispanoChristians incorporated into their way of life all sorts of spiritual and ma­ terial things...

... a shrine of Chris­ tian or Moslem but . . . you will find it has been a holy place from the beginning of history. Gibbon, commemorating the fall of one empire and the rise of another, celebrated this perennial con­ tinuity: The genius of the place will ever triumph over the acci- Arthur R. Humphreys, who...

... the lion’s share of the colony was Tartar. The leading role in self-identification of the representa- tives of this community, therefore, belonged to Islam, which erased and di- minished some interethnic differences. In (or the Turkic-Tartar ethnic and religious Moslem com...

... possible historical basis for Shelley s battles on land. As Hassan describes the battle in Hellas,1 the Turkish artillery instantly put the Greek auxiliaries to flight, but half of the Greeks Made a bridge Of safe and slow retreat with Moslem dead. The others, surrounded by victor myriads, formed...

... of the Soviet example for the peoples of the East make interesting reading. If his conclusions are correct, and the peoples of Iran, India, and China, drawing disturb­ ing deductions from their own backwardness in comparison with the progress in the Soviet Moslem lands, express their dissatisfaction in revolu­...

... to the new era when Western European mariners over­ came both their Byzantine and Moslem rivals and ushered in a new period of unity. He does not claim to have solved all the problems raised by his study, but he has made a fine beginning, especially in dealing with eco­ nomic matters. His erudition seems...

... and its sea power, has been the loss of the whole in the sum of its parts and an outstanding failure in perspective. Dr. Lewis tries to view the whole Mediterranean from the collapse of Roman power to the new era when Western European mariners over­ came both their Byzantine and Moslem rivals and ushered...

.... Hastings, and C. L. Temple give us invaluable glimpses of Moslem chiefs, rural officeholders, and pagan tribes in the period before 1920.® They are specific about the work of administrators in emirate headquarters and in the countryside. Understandably, however, they are concerned with telling a story...

..., 1957. Pp- xvi, 333. $5.50. Georgia, home of the late Joseph Stalin, is an ancient land with a history going back to pre-Christian times. It managed to survive and 152 The South Atlantic Quarterly to keep its Christian faith in spite of the ferocity of its Moslem neighbors, thanks to the valor of its...

... rubbed out centuries of Ottoman tradition with reckless decrees: separation of religion and state5 adoption of Western-style clothing and banning of the fez on pain of death; outlawing the harem and emancipating women; substitution of Euro­ pean law for the Moslem; substitution of the Latin alphabet...

... traditions, it is not surprising that the non-Moslem Sara people, often admiringly called the Senagalese tirailleurs of French Equatorial Africa, have taken to miltaiy life. As the writers point out, AEF is unique in the annals of French colonial history in that the most constructive contributions to its...

... the time with drill and football on the sunbaked barrack yard? At any moment they may be called from their football to march, as Clive marched more than a century ago, to prevent a riot from becoming a massacre. It is but a very few years since in this same region some thousands of Moslem fanatics broke...

... during the last century, the various stages of which will not be adequately understood if we fail to take consideration of the facts that they have been Christians for centuries under the sway of Moslems, and that Russian interests have led her to play the role of their protector. By the peace of Kutchuk...

... with a decree of Mohammed. How does this harmonize with the fact that for centuries the Koran could be legally read by the faithful only in Arabic, which few Moslems ever master, and that in the present world while translations into the vernacular are found the percentage of Moslem illiteracy averages 90...