...J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton Copyright © 1909 by Duke University Press 1909 The Freedmen s Bureau in North Carolina By J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton Alumni Professor of History in the University of North Carolina I. Organization. Among the most important factors in the work of Reconstruc­ tion...

...J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton Copyright © 1909 by Duke University Press 1909 The Freedmen s Bureau in North Carolina* By J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton Alumni Professor of History in the University of North Carolina III. Education. Probably in the mind of the commissioner of the Freedmen s Bureau...

... commissioner of freedmen under the freedmen s bureau, of July 28, 1865, issued pending the full assumption cf jurisdiction by the bureau as the federal agency for man­ aging the affairs of the freedmen and refugees in the south­ ern states. At this time two forms of authority existed in Alabama, the military...

... that would insure food and clothing for both black and white. The freedmen who were the only supply of labor in many sections, were leaving the plantations by the thousands and trooping through the country in the wake of the Federal armies or be­ sieging the Freedman s Bureau for food and shelter. Sidney...

... to be expected when the war ended that the great body of intelligent whites of the South, should make so great a change in their habits as would be necessary to the placing of the freedmen all at once on a perfect equality with them before the law. It was to be feared that they, or numbers of them, would seek...

... not underestimate the conditions necessary for the successful operation of a stable democratic society. Needless to say, the freedmen just out of slavery were not conditioned to be­ come successfully operational in the processes of democratic cit­ izenship. The freedmen, conditioned to slave status, lacked...

... England-born Esther Hill Hawks. Spanning the cataclysmic years 1862-1866, she chronicles the war s effects upon the South from her vantage point as a teacher and nurse among the freedmen and black Union troops. Despite the misleading title, Hawks never served officially as a physician during the war...

... difficulties which came with defeat. Congressman Howell Cobb and less famous politicos made Athens a center of Democratic, Whig, Republican, and Independent political activity for the Ninth District of Georgia. The University of Georgia, two boarding schools for girls, a school for freedmen, and several small...

...: University of South Carolina Press, 1984. Pp. ix, 301. A Woman Doctor s Civil War contains the diary of New England-born Esther Hill Hawks. Spanning the cataclysmic years 1862-1866, she chronicles the war s effects upon the South from her vantage point as a teacher and nurse among the freedmen and black...

.... 160). McPherson is surely correct in stressing the accomplishments of such abolitionist endeavors as the educational work of northern mis­ sionary societies, but nowhere does he show how either the abolitionists or the freedmen could have escaped the constraints of the paradox which he so aptly...

... freedmens rights, and political acuity. Cox therefore suggests that Reconstruction under Lincoln would have resulted in greater gains for the freedmen. Yet There were limits to the possible (p. 179). Her discussion of these political, psychological, and economic limits indicates that even Lincoln could...

...). Reconstruction and the Crisis of Free Labor sheds new light on the situation of the freedmen after the Civil War. Seeking economic self-sufficiency and independence, the freedmen were certain to offend the ideologies of southern planters and northern reformers. The former believed it was necessary to compel...

... been and were. The smoke of battle had hardly cleared when the vanquished leaders, enjoying the autonomy inherent in presidential reconstruction, began to fashion their new world upon the model of the old, which they constantly held before them. In considering an educational policy for the freedmen...

... with these outsiders who plun­ dered the defeated South—and the freedmen, who, either from genetic inferiority or a childlike The South Atlantic Quarterly 112:3, Summer 2013 doi 10.1215/00382876-2146368  © 2013 Duke...

... classes (few were laborers or farmers), they saw in the war- 236 The South Atlantic Quarterly tom South a new economic frontier. Although some were concerned with helping the black freedmen and promoting the idea of free la­ bor, most were simply in quest of a Short Road to Wealth. Bringing with them...

... from the essays because they treat some im­ portant topics and conceive politics broadly as the ways in which power in civil society is ordered and exercised (p. 9). Reconstruction and the Crisis of Free Labor sheds new light on the situation of the freedmen after the Civil War. Seeking economic...

.... The prac­ tical exigency which confronted the southern state govern­ ments was to devise legislation which should accommodate the new status of the freedmen to the economic and social needs of the community. In other words, the South sought to determine, each state for itself, what modicum of civil rights...

..., the process of amendment is comparatively simple. The ultimate appeal to the people is made easy, and the document is full of a spirit of confidence in the wis­ dom of their decision. W. H. G. Book Reviews. 203 Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen: Reminiscences of the Civil War. By John Eaton, in collaboration...

... is characteristic of sound scholarship. During and after the Civil War the armed conflict was followed by a war of propaganda which undertook to change the political and social attitudes of the disaffected elements in the South. Schools for freedmen were organized by the Federal Government in co-operation...

... in the form of tuition fees from parents or guardians, and not infrequently by means of subscriptions from the neighbor­ hood. Philanthropic and religious societies and agencies also assisted. Among these were the Pennsylvania Association of the Freedmen s Bureau, The American Missionary Associa­ tion...