..., and José María Arguedas) produce, because of their roots in the popular and largely oral cultures of Latin America, counter Western- izing momentum. In other words, these authors have taken an art form distinctly tied to Western modernity...

... subsumption) José María Arguedas was talking about when he wrote El zorro? Factical transculturation happens, I freely admit; in fact it happens all the time, which is why transculturation continues to be a useful word. But I fail to see what that has to do with my argument...

.... There are only intermediate spaces, partial successes, and unfinished efforts; it is not an all-or-nothing game. When José María Arguedas represented oral cultures in writing, he knew that he couldn’t help but get it wrong. When José Carlos Mariátegui wrote about indigenous communities’ social...