Figure 1 DR Pride logos 2016. Photograph posted on Facebook by the author. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Figure 1. DR Pride logos 2016. Photograph posted on Facebook by the author. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. More

“Blanc-Français”; music transcribed by the author. From Jean Prax, “Ahiti: Etudes sur la civilisation des Noirs” (unpublished manuscript, dated 1857), 717. By permission of the Archives diplomatiques, Ministère des affaires étrangères, La Courneuve, France “Blanc-Français”; music transcribed More

Figure 7 “Indian Type Trinidad,” a postcard from the author’s private collection More

Figure 5 Author’s family in El Cercado, Dominican Republic, 1962. Photographer unknown. Author’s family collection, Santo Domingo. Figure 5. Author’s family in El Cercado, Dominican Republic, 1962. Photographer unknown. Author’s family collection, Santo Domingo. More

Figure 1 Polish graffiti in Tittmoning Castle, Tittmoning, Bavaria, Germany, June 2019. Photograph by the author Figure 1. Polish graffiti in Tittmoning Castle, Tittmoning, Bavaria, Germany, June 2019. Photograph by the author More

Figure 1 Garifuna ancestral ritual gathering in Orchard Beach, the Bronx, in June 2018. Photograph courtesy of the author Figure 1. Garifuna ancestral ritual gathering in Orchard Beach, the Bronx, in June 2018. Photograph courtesy of the author More

Figure 2 My teenage son, Camoren Keodouangsy, pictured here with Morejón, joined us for the four-hour interview. Photograph by the author Figure 2. My teenage son, Camoren Keodouangsy, pictured here with Morejón, joined us for the four-hour interview. Photograph by the author More

Figure 6 Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s Sparrow , 1960 (RCA Victor, Trinidad and Tobago, LPB-9035). Photograph by the author Figure 6. Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s Sparrow, 1960 (RCA Victor, Trinidad and Tobago, LPB-9035). Photograph by the author More

Figure 2 Members of the Joseph Chatoyer Dance Company participate in Garifuna Settlement Day at Brooklyn Borough Hall, 2014. Photograph courtesy of the author Figure 2. Members of the Joseph Chatoyer Dance Company participate in Garifuna Settlement Day at Brooklyn Borough Hall, 2014. Photograph More

Figure 1 Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s Great Calypsoes , 1963 (RCA Victor, Trinidad and Tobago, LPB-3107). Photograph by the author Figure 1. Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s Great Calypsoes, 1963 (RCA Victor, Trinidad and Tobago, LPB-3107). Photograph More

Figure 7 Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s The Slave , 1963 (National Recording Company, Port of Spain, NLP-4188). Photograph by the author Figure 7. Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s The Slave, 1963 (National Recording Company, Port of Spain, NLP-4188). Photograph More

Figure 1. Individuals accused in the rising torrent of violent crimes, 29 October 2016. Electronic images, 2.56 × 3.41 in. each. Courtesy of the author Figure 1. Individuals accused in the rising torrent of violent crimes, 29 October 2016. Electronic images, 2.56 × 3.41 in. each. Courtesy More

Figure 2 Archie Lindo, untitled and undated print from a scanned photographic negative. Private collection in the author’s possession. Courtesy of Sue Willingham Figure 2. Archie Lindo, untitled and undated print from a scanned photographic negative. Private collection in the author’s More

Figure 4 Archie Lindo, untitled and undated print from a scanned photographic negative. Private collection in the author’s possession. Courtesy of Sue Willingham Figure 4. Archie Lindo, untitled and undated print from a scanned photographic negative. Private collection in the author’s More

Figure 5 Archie Lindo, untitled and undated print from a scanned photographic negative. Private collection in the author’s possession. Courtesy of Sue Willingham Figure 5. Archie Lindo, untitled and undated print from a scanned photographic negative. Private collection in the author’s More

Figure 4 Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s Sparrow in Hi-Fi , 1959 (Balisier Records, Trinidad and Tobago, HDF-1009). Photograph by the author Figure 4. Front and back covers of the Mighty Sparrow’s Sparrow in Hi-Fi, 1959 (Balisier Records, Trinidad and Tobago, HDF-1009 More

Figure 5 Lyrics to “Simpson” (1959), by the Mighty Sparrow, from One Hundred and Twenty Calypsoes to Remember (Port of Spain: National Recording, c. 1963), 22; annotations by the author Figure 5. Lyrics to “Simpson” (1959), by the Mighty Sparrow, from One Hundred and Twenty Calypsoes More

Figure 2 The Swedish, French, local Saint-Barthélemy, and European Union flags in front of the Gustavia Hôtel de la collectivité, the seat of the local governing body. Photograph by the author. Figure 2. The Swedish, French, local Saint-Barthélemy, and European Union flags in front More