... before the Protector of Immigrants that they are husband and wife constitutes a valid marriage. Naturally enough, divorce is common. The rest must be left to the imagination of the reader. C M. K. Gandhi, Speech on Indentured Labor, 1916...

... for labor was met, in part, via the introduction of indentured Indian labor.4 As early as 1835, the Court of Directors of the East India Company (in charge, at the time, of British administration in India) installed mechanisms of state control to monitor 3. This does not include Antigua and...

... attending a university is becoming an initiation, for many, into a lifetime of indenture. If the existential condition of precarity is one of radical uncertainty about the future, then the threat that a ruined credit score will foreclose your...

... growers versus town-dwellers; Gujaratis (less than 5% of the Indo-Fijians, but major providers of provisions on credit, a network of capitalists alternative to the white colonials) versus other Indians; "North Indians," the first 76% of the indentured laborers and their descendants (who had been...

...., www.sahistory.org.za/pages/ governence-­projects/passive-­resistance/1906.htm (accessed September 2, 2010). 332 1912, with his discovery of the grievances of the indentured Indians in Natal, that Gandhi’s Progressive satyagraha again took on the qualities of a successful...

... children who lived on those farms were indentured for ten years until the age of eighteen ( Dooling 2007: 93–95). Although not formally enslaved, the system of indenture and inboekseling , through which Khoe worked alongside slaves on settler farms, was effectively also a system of slavery ( Newton-King...

... indentured workers could represent eugenic objects of national uplift and reform, and, importantly, the colonial-­born Indian could represent boundary mark- ers for the outer limits of the nation (Hofmeyr 2007; Kelly and Kaplan 2007). But...

... authorities and the satyagrahis themselves as an unequal form of relations between Indians and the white South African govern- ment. The registration of indentured and nonindentured Indians alike could not, as a result of the long-­drawn-­out...

... provoke moral clarity against indentured servitude, bodily exploitation, and actual or virtual slavery. See, e.g., the magazine Migration, produced by the Geneva-based nongovernmental organization International Organization for Migration. Migration covers many...

... highly skilled labor. So, while India exports waiters and chauffeurs to Dub& and Sharjah, it also ex- ports software engineers to the United States - indentured briefly to Tata- Burroughs or the World Bank, then laundered through the State Department to become wealthy resident aliens, who are in...