Hollywood movie novelizations are novels based on mainstream films and published about the time these films are released in theaters. The present article explores the ambiguous status of this generally little-esteemed and frequently ignored form of adaptation. On the one hand, novelizations are works of literature that can be enjoyed without knowledge of the film they are based on; on the other, they can be (and often are) seen as mere tools of film advertising. This latter aspect becomes particularly evident when looking at the cover design of a novelization. It invariably features the film’s artwork (the poster image, stills, and/or typography used for promoting the film) and frequently highlights the film’s stars rather than the book’s author. By analyzing a selection of book covers of novelized versions of recent films and comparing the novelization of Terminator Salvation (Foster 2009b) with the film (Terminator Salvation 2009, dir. McG) it is based on, the article traces and examines the frictions between the opposing forces—literature and film marketing—that define the genre.

The text of this article is only available as a PDF.

References

The Adventures of Baron Munchhausen
1988
Directed by Gilliam, Terry, performers Neville, John; Idle, Eric; Polley, Sarah (
Culver City, CA
:
Columbia
).
Google Scholar
 
Alice in Wonderland
2010
Directed by Burton, Tim, performers Wasikowska, Mia; Depp, Johnny; Carter, Helena Bonham (
Burbank, CA
:
Walt Disney
).
Google Scholar
 
Allison, Deborah
2007
“
Film/Print: Novelisations and Capricorn One
,”
M/C Journal
10
(
2
), journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/07-allison.php.
Google Scholar
 
Anderson, Kevin J.
1997
The X Files: Ruins
(
New York
:
HarperPrism
).
Google Scholar
 
Austen, Jane
2005
Pride and Prejudice
(
London
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Avatar
2009
Directed by Cameron, James, performers Worthington, Sam; Saldana, Zoe; Weaver, Sigourney (
Los Angeles, CA
:
20th Century-Fox
).
Google Scholar
 
Baer, William
2004
“
On the Waterfront: A Conversation with Budd Schulberg
,” in
The Muse upon My Shoulder: Discussions of the Creative Process
, edited by McTague, Sylvia Skaggs,
174
–
96
(
Cranbury, NJ
:
Associated University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
Baetens, Jan
2005
“
Novelization: A Contaminated Genre?
,”
Critical Inquiry
32
:
43
–
60
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
2007
“
From Screen to Text: Novelization, the Hidden Continent
,” in
The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen
, edited by Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda,
226
–
38
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
2008
La novellisation: Du film au roman
(
Brussels
:
Les Impressions Nouvelles
).
2010
“
Expanding the Field of Constraint: Novelization as an Example of Multiply Constrained Writing
,”
Poetics Today
31
:
51
–
79
.
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Baetens, Jan; Lits, Marc, eds.
2004
La novellisation: Du film au roman/Novelization: From Film to Novel
(
Louvain, Belgium
:
Louvain University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
Bolt, Robert
1986
The Mission
(
New York
:
Jove
).
Google Scholar
 
1990
A Man for All Seasons
(
London
:
Vintage
).
Boulle, Pierre
2001
[1963]
Planet of the Apes
(
New York
:
Del Rey
).
Google Scholar
 
Bram Stoker’s Dracula
1992
Directed by Coppola, Francis Ford, performers Oldman, Gary; Ryder, Winona; Hopkins, Anthony (
San Francisco, CA
:
American Zoetrope
).
Google Scholar
 
Busch, Jenna
2009
“
Interview with Alan Dean Foster, Author of Terminator Salvation: The Official Movie Novelization
,”
Huffington Post
,
August
10
, www.huffingtonpost.com/jenna-busch/interview-with-alan-dean_b_254723.html.
Google Scholar
 
Butler, Michael; Shryack, Dennis
1979
The Gauntlet
(
London
:
Star
).
Google Scholar
 
Butler, Nancy
2009
Pride and Prejudice
(
New York
:
Marvel
).
Google Scholar
 
Capricorn One
1978
Directed by Hyams, Peter, performers Gould, Elliott; Brolin, James; Vaccaro, Brenda (
Boston, MA
:
Associated General Films
).
Google Scholar
 
Carroll, Lewis
2011
[1865]
Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
(
London
:
Puffin
).
Google Scholar
 
Charmed
1998–2006
Created by Burge, Constance M., performers Combs, Holly Marie; Milano, Alyssa; Krause, Brian (
Los Angeles, CA
:
Spelling
).
Google Scholar
 
Ciencin, Scott
2002
Jurassic Park III
(
Harlow, UK
:
Pearson Education
).
Google Scholar
 
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
1977
Directed by Spielberg, Steven, performers Dreyfuss, Richard; Truffaut, François; Garr, Teri.
Culver City, CA
:
Columbia
.
Google Scholar
 
Coburn, James
2007
“
New Indiana Jones Film Has Edmond Actor
,”
Edmond Sun
,
September
17
, www.edmondsun.com/archive/x519221606.
Google Scholar
 
Coe, Jonathan
2005
“
Diary of an Obsession
,” Coe, Jonathan, www.jonathancoewriter.com/oddsAndEnds/diaryOfAnObsession.html.
Collins, Max Allan
2010
CSI Miami: Florida Getaway
(
London
:
Pocket
).
Google Scholar
 
Cooper, James Fenimore
1986
[1826]
The Last of the Mohicans
(
New York
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
 
Corzine, Amy
2008
Jane Eyre: The Graphic Novel
(
Litchborough, UK
:
Classical Comics
).
Google Scholar
 
Cowboys and Aliens
2011
Directed by Favreau, Jon, performers Craig, Daniel; Ford, Harrison; Wilde, Olivia.
University City, CA
:
Universal
.
Google Scholar
 
Cox, John
2004
“
The Raymond Benson CBn Interview (Part IV)
,” CommanderBond.net,
April
15
, commanderbond.net/2339/the-raymond-benson-cbn-interview-part-iv.html.
Crabb, Kelly Charles
2005
The Movie Business: The Definitive Guide to the Legal and Financial Secrets of Getting Your Movie Made
(
New York
:
Simon and Schuster
).
Google Scholar
 
CSI Miami
2002
Created by Donahue, Ann; Mendelsohn, Carol; Zuiker, Anthony E., performers Caruso, David; Procter, Emily; Rodriguez, Adam.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
:
Alliance Atlantis Communications
.
Google Scholar
 
David, Peter
2011
Transformers: Dark of the Moon
(
New York
:
Del Rey
).
Google Scholar
 
Defoe, Daniel
2001
[1719]
Robinson Crusoe
(
London
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
 
Desmond, John M.; Hawkes, Peter
2006
Adaptation: Studying Film and Literature
(
Boston
:
McGraw-Hill
).
Google Scholar
 
Dickens, Charles
2003
[1859]
A Tale of Two Cities
(
London
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
 
Dorian Gray
2009
Directed by Parker, Olive, performers Barnes, Ben; Firth, Colin; Hall, Rebecca.
London
:
Ealing Studios
.
Google Scholar
 
Eggers, Dave
2010
The Wild Things
(
London
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
 
Eisner, Will
2008
Comics and Sequential Art: Principles and Practices from the Legendary Cartoonist
(
London
:
Norton
).
Google Scholar
 
E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial
1982
Directed by Spielberg, Steven, performers Thomas, Henry; Barrymore, Drew; Coyote, Peter.
University City, CA
:
Universal
.
Google Scholar
 
eXistenZ
1999
Directed by Cronenberg, David, performers Law, Jude; Leigh, Jennifer Jason; Holm, Ian.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
:
Alliance Atlantis Communications
.
Google Scholar
 
A Fistful of Dollars
1964
Directed by Leone, Sergio, performers Eastwood, Clint; Volonté, Gian Maria; Koch, Marianne (
Frankfurt, DE
:
Constantin Film
).
Google Scholar
 
Foster, Alan Dean
2009a
Star Trek
(
London
:
Pocket
).
Google Scholar
 
2009b
Terminator Salvation
(
London
:
Titan
).
2009c
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
(
New York
:
Del Rey
).
Gallagher, Diana G.
2008
Charmed: Trickery Treat
(
London
:
Pocket
).
Google Scholar
 
The Gauntlet
1977
Directed by Eastwood, Clint, performers Eastwood, Clint; Locke, Sondra; Hingle, Pat.
Burbank, CA
:
Malpaso
.
Google Scholar
 
Gelder, Ken
1994
Reading the Vampire
(
New York
:
Routledge
).
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Genette, Gérard
1997
Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation
, edited by Lewin, Jane E. (
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
).
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Gilliam, Terry; McKeown, Charles
1989
The Adventures of Baron Munchhausen: Story of the Screenplay
(
London
:
Mandarin
).
Google Scholar
 
The Glass Key
1942
Directed by Heisler, Stuart, performers Ladd, Alan; Lake, Veronica; Donlevy, Brian.
Los Angeles, CA
:
Paramount
.
Google Scholar
 
Glut, Donald F.
1985
The Empire Strikes Back
(
New York
:
Del Rey
).
Google Scholar
 
Goedhart, Bernie
2007
“
Transcript: Interview with Dave Eggers
,”
Gazette: Postmedia Network
,
December
7
, www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/arts/story.html?id=0872e59b-6145-4dae-8604-22dcc9e8dd62.
Google Scholar
 
Golden, Christopher
2005
King Kong
(
London
:
Pocket Star
).
Google Scholar
 
Goldman, William
2006
“
The Screenwriter
,” in
The Movie Business Book
, edited by Squire, Jason E.,
60
–
71
(
Maidenhead, UK
:
McGraw Hill
).
Google Scholar
 
Goodman, Evelyn; Orlando, Joe; Christie, Stuart; Dickens, Charles
1996
A Tale of Two Cities (Classics Illustrated)
(
New York
:
Acclaim Classics and Young Readers
).
Google Scholar
 
Goulart, Ron
1978
Capricorn One
(
New York
:
Fawcett Gold Medal
).
Google Scholar
 
Hagberg, David
2003
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
(
New York
:
TOR
).
Google Scholar
 
Hammett, Dashiell
1931
The Glass Key
(
New York
:
Knopf
).
Google Scholar
 
Hardwick, Michael; Hardwick, Mollie
1970
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes
(
New York
:
HarperCollins
).
Google Scholar
 
Harris, Thomas
1988
The Silence of the Lambs
(
New York
:
St. Martin’s
).
Google Scholar
 
Haupman, Ira
1981
“
Novelization: The Theater’s New Crisis
,”
Theater
12
(
2
):
87
–
91
.
Google Scholar
 
Hawtree, Christopher
2007
“
Obituary: Leslie Waller
,”
Guardian
,
April
18
, www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/apr/19/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries1.
Google Scholar
 
Hutcheon, Linda
2006
A Theory of Adaptation
(
New York
:
Routledge
).
Google Scholar
 
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
2008
Directed by Spielberg, Steven, performers Ford, Harrison; Blanchett, Cate; LaBeouf, Shia.
Los Angeles, CA
:
Paramount
.
Google Scholar
 
Jewell, Peter
2008
“
Collector’s Tales: A Personal Overview of Film Fiction at Bill Douglas Centre
,”
Film History
20
(
2
):
149
–
63
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Jones, William B.
2001
Classics Illustrated: A Cultural History, with Illustrations
(
Jefferson, NC
:
McFarland
).
Google Scholar
 
Jurassic Park III
2001
Directed by Johnston, Joe, performers Neill, Sam; Macy, William H.; Leoni, Téa.
University City, CA
:
Universal
.
Google Scholar
 
Kanter, Albert Lewis; Foley, June; Severin, John Powers; Addeo, Stephen; Cooper, James Fenimore
1997
The Last of the Mohicans
(
New York
:
Acclaim Classics and Young Readers
).
Google Scholar
 
Kent, Roberta; Gotler, Joel
2006
“
Exploiting Book-Publishing Rights
,” in
The Movie Business Book
, edited by Squire, Jason E.,
91
–
97
(
Maidenhead, UK
:
McGraw Hill
).
Google Scholar
 
King Kong
2005
Directed by Jackson, Peter, performers Watts, Naomi; Black, Jack; Brody, Adrien.
Universal City, CA
:
Universal
.
Google Scholar
 
Kotzwinkle, William
1982
E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial
(
London
:
Sphere
).
Google Scholar
 
Larson, Randall D.
1995
Films into Books: An Analytical Bibliography of Film Novelizations, Movie, and TV Tie-Ins
(
Metuchen, NJ
:
Scarecrow
).
Google Scholar
 
Last Man Standing
1996
Directed by Hill, Walter, performers Willis, Bruce; Dern, Bruce; Sanderson, William.
Los Angeles, CA
:
New Line Cinema
.
Google Scholar
 
Leitch, Thomas M.
2007
Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From “Gone with the Wind” to “The Passion of the Christ”
(
Maryland
:
Johns Hopkins University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
2010
“
The Ethics of Infidelity
,” in
Adaptation Studies: New Approaches
, edited by Albrecht-Crane, Christa; Cutchins, Dennis Ray,
61
–
77
(
Madison, NJ
:
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
Lerangis, Peter
2000
M. Night Shyamalan’s “The Sixth Sense”
(
New York
:
Scholastic
).
Google Scholar
 
The Lord of the Rings
2001–3
Directed by Jackson, Peter, performers Wood, Elijah; McKellen, Ian; Astin, Sean.
Los Angeles, CA
:
New Line Cinema
.
Google Scholar
 
Luceno, James
2008
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
(
New York
:
Scholastic
).
Google Scholar
 
Maberry, Jonathan
2010
The Wolfman
(
New York
:
Tor
).
Google Scholar
 
Mahlknecht, Johannes
2011
“
Promotion vs. Suppression: Intermedial Relationships between Early Narrative Film and Its Fan Magazine Fictionizations
,” in
The Visual Culture of Modernism
, edited by Klarer, Mario; Madsen, Deborah L.,
105
–
18
(
Tübingen, Germany
:
Narr
).
Google Scholar
 
Marich, Robert
2009
Marketing to Moviegoers: A Handbook of Strategies and Tactics
(
Carbondale
:
Southern Illinois University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
The Matrix
1999
Directed by Wachowski, Andy; Wachowski, Larry, performers Reeves, Keanu; Fishburne, Laurence; Moss, Carrie-Ann.
Burbank, CA
:
Warner
.
Google Scholar
 
McCarthy, Cormac
2005
No Country for Old Men
(
London
:
Vintage
).
Google Scholar
 
McKee, Ryan “
8 Stars You Maybe Didn’t Know Auditioned for ‘Twilight’
”
Next Movie
,
October
11
.
McLean, Adrienne L.
2003
“
‘New Films in Story Form’: Movie Story Magazines and Spectatorship
,”
Cinema Journal
42
(
3
):
3
–
26
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
The Mission
1986
Directed by Joffé, Roland, performers De Niro, Robert; Irons, Jeremy; McAnally, Ray (
Burbank, CA
:
Warner
).
Google Scholar
 
Moonraker
1979
Directed by Gilbert, Lewis, performers Moore, Roger; Chiles, Lois; Lonsdale, Michael (
Los Angeles, CA
:
Eon
).
Google Scholar
 
Motion Picture Association of America
2011
“
What Each Rating Means
,” www.mpaa.org/ratings/what-each-rating-means.
Naremore, James, ed.
2000
Film Adaptation
(
New Brunswick, NJ
:
Rutgers University Press
).
Google Scholar
 
No Country for Old Men
2007
Directed by Coen, Joel; Coen, Ethan, performers Jones, Tommy Lee; Bardem, Javier; Brolin, Josh (
Hollywood, CA
:
Paramount Vantage
).
Google Scholar
 
Novak, John Luther
1999
eXistenZ
(
London
:
Pocket
).
Google Scholar
 
The Omen
1976
Directed by Donner, Richard, performers Peck, Gregory; Remick, Lee; Stephens, Harvey (
Los Angeles, CA
:
20th Century-Fox
).
Google Scholar
 
O’Neill, Joseph
2003
“
Film: The Best Novelists, the Worst Movie Adaptations
,”
New York Times
,
November
9
, www.nytimes.com/2003/11/09/movies/film-the-best-novelists-the-worst-movie-adaptations.html.
Google Scholar
 
On the Waterfront
1954
Directed by Kazan, Elia, performers Brando, Marlon; Malden, Karl; Cobb, Lee J. (
Culver City, CA
:
Columbia
).
Google Scholar
 
Out of the Past
1947
Directed by Tourneur, Jacques, performers Mitchum, Robert; Greer, Jane; Douglas, Kirk (
New York
:
RKO
).
Google Scholar
 
Owenashi,
2006
“
Comic Book Novels: What, JUST Words?
”
Penny Arcade
,
November
, forums.penny-arcade.com/discussion/7613/comic-book-novels
. . . what-just-words.
Google Scholar
 
Planet of the Apes
2001
Directed by Burton, Tim, performers Wahlberg, Mark; Carter, Helena Bonham; Roth, Tim (
Los Angeles, CA
:
20th Century-Fox
).
Google Scholar
 
Pride and Prejudice
2005
Directed by Wright, Joe, performers Knightley, Keira; Macfadyen, Matthew; Blethyn, Brenda (
Universal City, CA
:
Focus Features
).
Google Scholar
 
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes
1970
Directed by Wilder, Billy, performers Stephens, Robert; Lee, Christopher; Blakely, Colin (
Hollywood, CA
:
Mirisch
).
Google Scholar
 
Queenan, Joe
2009
“
Read ’Em and Weep
,”
Guardian
,
July
9
, www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/jul/10/joe-queenan-movie-novelisation.
Google Scholar
 
Quick, William T.
2001
Planet of the Apes
(
New York
:
HarperCollins
).
Google Scholar
 
Rosenberg, Scott Mitchell; Van Lente, Fred; Foley, Andrew; Lima, Luciano
2011
Cowboys and Aliens
(
New York
:
HarperCollins
).
Google Scholar
 
Ross, Bernard L.
1978
Capricorn One
(
London
:
Futura
).
Google Scholar
 
Rudnick, Elizabeth
2011
Thor
(
New York
:
Marvel
).
Google Scholar
 
Saberhagen, Fred
1992
Bram Stoker’s Dracula
(
New York
:
Signet
).
Google Scholar
 
Schmitt, Claudia
2007
Der Held als Filmsehender: Filmerleben in der Gegenwartsliteratur
(
Würzburg, Germany
:
Königshausen and Neumann
).
Google Scholar
 
Schulberg, Budd
1979
Waterfront
(
Cambridge
:
Bentley
).
Google Scholar
 
Scott, A. O.
2005
“
Among the Believers
,”
New York Times
,
September
11
, www.nytimes.com/2005/09/11/magazine/11BELIEVERS.html.
Google Scholar
 
Seltzer, David
2006
The Omen
(
New York
:
Signet
).
Google Scholar
 
Sendak, Maurice
1988
[1963]
Where the Wild Things Are
(
London
:
HarperCollins
).
Google Scholar
 
Shail, Andrew
2008
“
The Motion Picture Story Magazine and the Origins of Popular British Film Culture
,”
Film History
20
(
2
):
181
–
97
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Shrek
2001
Directed by Adamson, Andrew; Jenson, Vicky, performers Myers, Mike; Murphy, Eddie; Diaz, Cameron (
Universal City, CA
:
DreamWorks
).
Google Scholar
 
The Silence of the Lambs
1991
Directed by Demme, Jonathan, performers Foster, Jodie; Hopkins, Anthony; Glenn, Scott (
New York
:
Orion
).
Google Scholar
 
Singer, Ben
1993
“
Fiction Tieins and Narrative Intelligibility 1911–18
,”
Film History
5
(
4
):
489
–
504
.
Google Scholar
 
The Sixth Sense
1999
Directed by Shyamalan, M. Night, performers Willis, Bruce; Osment, Haley Joel; Collette, Toni.
Burbank, CA
:
Hollywood
.
Google Scholar
 
Slumdog Millionaire
2008
Directed by Boyle, Danny, performers Patel, Dev; Pinto, Freida; Shukla, Saurabh.
London
:
Celador
.
Google Scholar
 
Spielberg, Steven
1977
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
(
New York
:
Dell
).
Google Scholar
 
Stam, Robert; Raengo, Alessandra, eds.
2005
Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Film Adaptation
(
Malden, MA
:
Blackwell
).
Google Scholar
 
Star Trek
2009
Directed by Abrams, J. J., performers Pine, Chris; Quinto, Zachary; Pegg, Simon.
Hollywood, CA
:
Paramount
.
Google Scholar
 
Star Wars
1977
Directed by Lucas, George, performers Hamill, Mark; Ford, Harrison; Fisher, Carrie.
San Francisco, CA
:
Lucasfilm
.
Google Scholar
 
Star Wars: Episode V—The Empire Strikes Back
1980
Directed by Kershner, Irvin, performers Fisher, Carrie; Ford, Harrison; Hamill, Mark.
San Francisco, CA
:
Lucasfilm
.
Google Scholar
 
Stevenson, Robert Louis
1999
[1883]
Treasure Island
(
New York
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
 
Sutherland, T. T.
2010
Disney Alice in Wonderland
(
New York
:
Disney
).
Google Scholar
 
Swarup, Vikas
2005
Q and A
(
New York
:
Scribner
).
Google Scholar
 
Tangled
2010
Directed by Greno, Nathan; Howard, Byron, performers Moore, Mandy; Levi, Zachary; Murphy, Donna.
Burbank, CA
:
Walt Disney
.
Google Scholar
 
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
2003
Directed by Mostow, Jonathan, performers Schwarzenegger, Arnold; Stahl, Nick; Loken, Kristanna.
Boston, MA
:
C2
.
Google Scholar
 
Terminator Salvation
2009
Directed by McG, , performers Bale, Christian; Worthington, Sam; Yelchin, Anton.
Culver City, CA
:
Sony
.
Google Scholar
 
Thor
2011
Directed by Branagh, Kenneth, performers Hemsworth, Chris; Hopkins, Anthony; Portman, Natalie.
Los Angeles, CA
:
Paramount
.
Google Scholar
 
Thorpe, Kiki
2002
Treasure Planet
(
New York
:
Scholastic
).
Google Scholar
 
Toy Story
1995
Directed by Lasseter, John, performers Hanks, Tom; Allen, Tim; Rickles, Don.
Emeryville, CA
:
Pixar
.
Google Scholar
 
Transformers: Dark of the Moon
2011
Directed by Bay, Michael, performers LaBeouf, Shia; Huntington-Whiteley, Rosie; Gibson, Tyrese.
Los Angeles, CA
:
Paramount
.
Google Scholar
 
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
2009
Directed by Bay, Michael, performers LaBeouf, Shia; Fox, Megan; Duhamel, Josh.
Universal City, CA
:
DreamWorks
.
Google Scholar
 
Treasure Planet
2002
Directed by Clements, Ron; Musker, John, performers Gordon-Levitt, Joseph; Thompson, Emma; Short, Martin.
Burbank, CA
:
Walt Disney
.
Google Scholar
 
Trimble, Irene
2010
Tangled
(
New York
:
Random House
).
Google Scholar
 
Van Parys, Thomas
2009
“
The Commercial Novelization: Research, History, Differentiation
,”
Literature-Film Quarterly
,
October
1
, www.thefreelibrary.com/-a0217787236.
Google Scholar
 
Van Parys, Thomas; Jansen, Lien; Vanhoutte, Elisabeth
2004
“
eXistenZ, a Different Novelization?
”
Image and Narrative
9
(
October
), www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/performance/vanparys.htm.
Google Scholar
 
Vinge, Joan D.
2011
Cowboys and Aliens
(
New York
:
Tor
).
Google Scholar
 
Welsh, James M.; Lev, Peter, eds.
2007
The Literature/Film Reader: Issues of Adaptation
(
Lanham, MD
:
Scarecrow
).
Google Scholar
 
WENN
2007
“
Steven Spielberg Furious over Indiana Jones Plot Leak
,” Hollywood.com,
October
1
, www.hollywood.com/news/Spielberg_Furious_over_Indiana_Jones_Plot_Leak/4926622.
“Where the Wild Things Are” [poster]
2009
Internet Movie Poster Database
, www.movieposterdb.com/movie/0386117/Where-the-Wild-Things-Are.html.
Where the Wild Things Are
2009
Directed by Jonze, Spike, performers Cooper, Chris; Keener, Catherine; O’Hara, Catherine; Ruffalo, Mark; Whitaker, Forest.
Burbank, CA
:
Warner
.
Google Scholar
 
Wilde, Oscar
2009
[1890]
The Picture of Dorian Gray
(
London
:
Penguin
).
Google Scholar
 
Williams, Jenny
2009
“
Lunch with Alan Dean Foster, Part I: Turning Movies into Books
,”
Wired
,
July
1
, www.wired.com/geekdad/2009/07/alandeanfosterparti.
Google Scholar
 
The Wolf Man
1941
Directed by Waggner, George, performers Rains, Claude; William, Warren; Chaney, LonJr.
University City, CA
:
Universal
.
Google Scholar
 
The Wolfman
2010
Directed by Johnston, Joe, performers Del Toro, Benicio; Hopkins, Anthony; Blunt, Emily.
University City, CA
:
Universal
.
Google Scholar
 
Wood, Christopher
1979
Moonraker
(
London
:
Jonathan Cape
).
Google Scholar
 
Wray, Sam; Boyette, Pat
1991
Robinson Crusoe
(
New York
:
Berkley
).
Google Scholar
 
The X Files
1993–2002
Created by Carter, Chris, performers Duchovny, David; Anderson, Gillian; Pileggi, Mitch.
Los Angeles, CA
:
20th Century-Fox
.
Google Scholar
 
Yacobi, Tamar
1995
“
Pictorial Models and Narrative Ekphrasis
,”
Poetics Today
16
:
599
–
649
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Yojimbo
1961
Directed by Kurosawa, Akira, performers Mifune, Toshirô; Tôno, Eijirô; Nakadai, Tatsuya (
Tokyo, Japan
).
Google Scholar
 

Author notes

This article was written as part of the research project Framing Media: The Periphery of Fiction and Film at the University of Innsbruck, Austria, funded by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and headed by Mario Klarer. I would like to take this opportunity to thank Meir Sternberg and the anonymous referees of Poetics Today for their many priceless suggestions that helped improve this article.

© 2012 by Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics
2012
Issue Section:
Articles