The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
Bailey, Guy.
1997
. “When Did Southern American English Begin?” In
Englishes around the World: Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach
, ed. Edgar W. Schneider,
1
:
255
-75. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds.
1991
.
The Emergence of Black English: Text and Commentary
. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Bailey, Richard W.
1992
. “The First North American Dialect Survey.” In
Old English and New: Studies in Language and Linguistics in Honor of Frederic G. Cassidy
, ed. Joan H. Hall, Nick Doane, and Dick Ringler,
305
-26. New York: Garland.
____.
1996
.
Nineteenth-Century English
. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Boberg, Charles.
2001
. “The Phonological Status of Western New England.”
American Speech
76
:
3
-29.
Brewer, Jeutonne Patton.
1974
. “The Verb `be' in Early Black English: A Study Based on the WPA Ex-Slave Narratives.”
Ph.D. diss.
, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Clark, Thomas D.
1956
.
Travels in the Old South: A Bibliography
. 3 vols. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
Cooley, Marianne.
1995
. “
Sources for the Study of Eighteenth-Century Literary Dialect
.” Unpublished MS.
____.
1997
. “An Early Representation of African American English.” In
Language Variety in the South Revisited
, ed. Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally, and Robin Sabino,
51
-58. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press.
DARE. Dictionary of American Regional English
.
1985
-. Vol.
1 (A-C)
, ed. Frederic G. Cassidy. Vols. 2 (D-H) and 3 (I-O), ed. Frederic G. Cassidy and Joan Houston Hall. Vol. 4 (P-Sk), ed. Joan Houston Hall. 4 vols. to date. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press.
Dillard, J. L.
1972
.
Black English: Its History and Usage in the United States
. New York: Random House.
____.
1992
.
A History of American English
. London: Longman.
Dorrill, George T.
1986
.
Black and White Speech in the South: Evidence from the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States
. Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft 19. New York: Lang.
Eliason, Norman E.
1956
.
Tarheel Talk: An Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860
. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press.
Ellis, Michael E.
1984
. “The Relationship of Appalachian English with the British Regional Dialects.”
M.A. thesis
, East Tennessee State Univ.
Ewers, Traute.
1996
.
The Origin of American Black English: “Be”-Forms in the HOODOO Texts
. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Fischer, David Hackett.
1970
.
Historians' Fallacies: Toward a Logic of Historical Thought
. New York: Harper and Row.
____.
1989
.
Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
Hamilton, Anne-Marie.
1998
. “The Endurance of Scots in the United States.”
Scottish Language
17
:
108
-18.
Hyatt, Harry Middleton.
1970-75
.
Hoodoo—Witchcraft—Conjuration—Rootwork: Beliefs Accepted by Many Negroes and White Persons, These Being Orally Recorded among Blacks and Whites
. Memoirs of the Alma Egan Hyatt Foundation. 5 vols. Hannibal, Mo.: Western.
Kautzsch, Alexander.
2002
.
The Historical Evolution of Earlier African American English: An Empirical Comparison of Early Sources
. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Kirkham, Samuel.
1829
.
English Grammar, in Familiar Lectures
. New York: Collins.
Krapp, George Philip.
1925
.
The English Language in America
. 2 vols. New York: Ungar.
Kurath, Hans.
1928
. “The Origin of the Dialectal Differences in Spoken American English.”
Modern Philology
25
:
385
-95.
____.
1949
.
Word Geography of the Eastern United States
. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press.
Kytö, Merja.
1991
.
Variation and Diachrony, with Early American English in Focus: Studies on CAN/MAY and SHALL/WILL
. Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachwissenschaft 28. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
Labov, William.
1972
. “Some Principles of Linguistic Methodology.”
Language and Society
1
:
1
-20
Labov, William, Sharon Ash, and Charles Boberg, eds. Forthcoming.
Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change
. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Laird, Charlton.
1970
.
Language in America
. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Lass, Roger.
1990
. “Where Do Extraterritorial Englishes Come From? Dialect Input and Recodification in Transported Englishes.” In
Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Cambridge, 6-9 April 1987
, ed. Sylvia M. Adamson, Vivien A. Law, Nigel Vincent, and Susan Wright,
245
-80. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Marckwardt, Albert H.
1958
.
American English
. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
Miller, Kerby A., Arnold Schrier, Bruce D. Boling, and David N. Doyle.
2003
.
Irish Immigrants in the Land of Canaan: Letters and Memoirs from Colonial and Revolutionary America, 1675-1815
. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Miller, Randall M., ed.
1978
.
“Dear Master”: Letters of a Slave Family
. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press.
Montgomery, Michael.
1993
. “Review Article: The Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States.”
American Speech
68
:
263
-318.
____.
1995
. “The Linguistic Value of Ulster Emigrant Letters.”
Ulster Folklife
41
:
26
-41.
____.
1997
. “A Tale of Two Georges: The Language of Irish Indian Traders in Colonial North America.” In
Focus on Ireland
, ed. Jeffrey Kallen,
227
-54. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
____.
1999
. “Eighteenth-Century Sierra Leone Settler English: Another Exported Variety of African American English.”
English World-Wide
20
:
1
-34.
____.
2001
. “British and Irish Antecedents.” In
Cambridge History of the English Language, vol. 6, American English
, ed. John Algeo,
86
-153. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Montgomery, Michael, and Connie C. Eble. Forthcoming. “Historical Perspectives on the pen/pin Merger in Southern American English.” In
Studies in the History of the English Language II: Conversations between Past and Present
, ed. Anne Curzan. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Montgomery, Michael, Janet M. Fuller, and Sharon DeMarse.
1993
. “`The Black Men Has Wives and Sweet Harts [and Third Person Plural -s] Jest Like the White Men': Evidence for Verbal -s from Written Documents on Nineteenth-Century African American Speech.”
Language Variation and Change
5
:
335
-54.
Montgomery, Michael, and John M. Kirk.
1996
. “The Origin of the Habitual Verb be in American Black English: Irish or English or What?”
Belfast Working Papers in Linguistics
11
:
308
-33.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.
1996
. “The Development of American Englishes: Some Questions from a Creole Genesis Perspective.” In
Focus on the USA
, ed. Edgar W. Schneider,
231
-64. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
____.
2001
.
The Ecology of Language Evolution
. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Mufwene, Salikoko S., John R. Rickford, Guy Bailey, and John Baugh, eds.
1998
.
African-American English: Structure, History, and Use
. London: Routledge.
Myhill, John.
1995
. “The Use of Features of Present-Day AAVE in the Ex-Slave Recordings.”
American Speech
70
:
115
-47.
Pederson, Lee, ed.
1986-92
.
Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States
. 7 vols. Athens: Univ. of Georgia Press.
Poplack, Shana, ed.
2000
.
The English History of African American English
. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Poplack, Shana, and Sali Tagliamonte.
1989
. “There's No Tense Like the Present: Verbal -s Inflection in Early Black English.”
Language Variation and Change
1
:
47
-84.
____.
2001
.
African American English in the Diaspora
. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Rawick, George.
1972
.
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
. 19 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. Supp., ser. 1, 1977. Supp., ser. 2, 1979.
Read, Allen Walker.
1933
. “British Recognition of American Speech in the Eighteenth Century.”
Dialect Notes
6
:
313
-34. Repr. in Milestones in the History of English in America, Publication of the American Dialect Society 86, 37-54, Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2002.
Rickford, John R.
1986
. “Social Contact and Linguistic Diffusion.”
Language
62
:
245
-90.
____.
1998
. “
The Creole Origins of African-American Vernacular English: Evidence from Copula Absence
.” In Mufwene et al.,
154
-200.
____.
1999
.
African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational Implications
. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Schneider, Edgar W.
1989
.
American Earlier Black English: Morphological and Syntactic Variables
. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press.
____.
1997
. “Earlier Black English Revisited.” In
Language Variety in the South Revisited
, ed. Cynthia Bernstein, Thomas Nunnally, and Robin Sabino,
35
-50. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press.
____. Forthcoming. “The English of the Lower South.” In
The Legacy of Colonial English: The Study of Transported Dialects
, ed. Raymond Hickey. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Schneider, Edgar W., and Michael Montgomery.
2001
. “On the Trail of Early Nonstandard Grammar: An Electronic Corpus of Southern U.S. Antebellum Overseers' Letters.”
American Speech
76
:
388
-409.
Singler, John Victor.
1991
. “Copula Variation in Liberian Settler English and American Black English.” In
Verb Phrase Patterns in Black English and Creole
, ed. Walter F. Edwards and Donald Winford,
129
-64. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press.
Starobin, Robert S., ed.
1974
.
Blacks in Bondage: Letters of American Slaves
. New York: New Viewpoint. Repr. New York: Wiener, 1988.
Stephenson, Edward A.
1967
. “On the Interpretation of Occasional Spellings.”
Publication of the American Dialect Society
48
:
33
-50.
Stewart, William A.
1970a
. “Historical and Structural Bases for the Recognition of Negro Dialect.” In
Linguistics and the Teaching of Standard English to Speakers of Other Languages and Dialects
, ed. James E. Alatis,
239
-47. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ. Press.
____.
1970b
. “Toward a History of American Negro Dialect.” In
Language and Poverty: Perspectives on a Theme
, ed. Frederick Williams,
351
-79. Chicago: Markham.
Tagliamonte, Sali, and Jennifer Smith.
2000
. “
Old was, New Ecology: Viewing English through the Sociolinguistic Filter
.” In Poplack,
141
-71.
Thomas, Erik.
2001
.
An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Variation in New World English
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 85. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press.
Trudgill, Peter.
1986
.
Dialects in Contact
. Oxford: Blackwell.
Van Herk, Gerard, and Shana Poplack. Forthcoming. “Rewriting the Past: Bare Verbs in the Ottawa Repository of Early African American Correspondence.”
Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages
.
Viereck, Wolfgang.
1988
. “Invariant be in an Unnoticed Source of American Early Black English.”
American Speech
63
:
291
-303.
von Schneidemesser, Luanne, ed.
1999
.
An Index by Region, Usage, and Etymology to the “Dictionary of American Regional English,”
Volumes
III
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 82. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press.
von Schneidemesser, Luanne, and Allan Metcalf, eds.
1993
.
An Index by Region, Usage, and Etymology to the “Dictionary of American Regional English,”
Volumes
I
and II. Publication of the American Dialect Society 77. Tuscaloosa: Univ. of Alabama Press.
Wiley, Bell Irwin.
1978
.
The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy
. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State Univ. Press.
Wolfram, Walt, and Erik R. Thomas.
2002
.
The Development of African American English
. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
Wright, Laura.
2003
. “Eight Grammatical Features of Southern United States Speech Present in Early Modern London Prison Narratives.” In
English in the Southern United States
, ed. Stephen J. Nagle and Sara L. Sanders,
36
-63. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
American Dialect Society
2003
This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.

Article PDF first page preview

Article PDF first page preview
Issue Section:
Articles