The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
REFERENCES
Adams, Luther.
2006
. “‘Heading for Louisville’: Rethinking Rural to Urban Migration in the South, 1930–1950
.” Journal of Social History
40
, no. 2
(Winter): 407
–30
. .Adelman, Robert M.; Morett, Chris; Tolnay, Stewart E..
2000
. “Homeward Bound: The Return Migration of Southern-Born Black Women, 1940 to 1990
.” Sociological Spectrum
20
, no. 4
: 433
–63
. .Andres, Claire; Votta, Rachel.
2009
. “African American Vernacular English: Vowel Phonology in a Georgia Community
.” In African American English Speakers and Their Participation in Local Sound Change: A Comparative Study
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 94
), edited by Yaeger-Dror, Malcah; Thomas, Erik R., 75
–98
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Arnson, Shelby; Farrington, Charlie.
2017
. “Twentieth Century Sound Change in Washington DC African American English
.” In “Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 45)
,” edited by Sneller, Betsy. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
23
, no. 2
: 1
–10
. https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/45170
.Barreda, Santiago.
2021
. “Perceptual Validation of Vowel Normalization Methods for Variationist Research
.” Language Variation and Change
33
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 27
–53
. .Barreda, Santiago; Nearey, Terrance M..
2018
. “A Regression Approach to Vowel Normalization for Missing and Unbalanced Data
.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
144
, no. 1
(July
): 500
–520
. .Betts, Jonathan.
2021
. “Black-Owned Businesses: An Atlanta Growth Engine
.” 33°n, Feb. 19, 2021
. Research and Analytics Division of the Atlanta Regional Commission
. .Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo.
1997
. “Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation
.” American Sociological Review
62
, no. 3
(June
): 465
–80
. .Bürkner, Paul-Christian.
2021
. “Bayesian Item Response Modeling in R with brms and Stan
.” Journal of Statistical Software
100
: art. 5
. .Dodsworth, Robin.
2017
. “Migration and Dialect Contact
.” Annual Review of Linguistics
3
: 331
–46
. .Dodsworth, Robin; Benton, Richard.
2020
. Language Variation and Change in Social Networks: A Bipartite Approach
.New York
: Routledge
.Dodsworth, Robin; Kohn, Mary.
2012
. “Urban Rejection of the Vernacular: The SVS Undone
.” Language Variation and Change
24
, no. 2
(July
): 221
–45
. .Durian, David; Dodsworth, Robin; Schumacher, Jennifer.
2010
. “Convergence in Blue-Collar Columbus, Ohio, African American, and White Vowel Systems?
” In African American English Speakers and Their Particpation in Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 94
), edited by Yaeger-Dror, Malcah; Thomas, Erik R., 161
–90
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Eberhardt, Maeve.
2009
. “African American and White Vowel Systems in Pittsburgh
.” In African American English Speakers and Their Particpation in Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 94
), edited by Yaeger-Dror, Malcah; Thomas, Erik R., 129
–57
. .Eckert, Penelope.
2000
. Language Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High
. Malden, Mass.
: Blackwell
.Falk, William W.; Hunt, Larry L.; Hunt, Matthew O..
2004
. “Return Migrations of African-Americans to the South: Reclaiming a Land of Promise, Going Home, or Both?
” Rural Sociology
69
, no. 4
(Dec.
): 490
–509
. .Farrington, Charles Ryan.
2019
. “Language Variation and the Great Migration: Regionality and African American Language
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Oregon
.Farrington, Charlie; King, Sharese; Kohn, Mary,
2021
. “Sources of Variation in the Speech of African Americans: Perspectives from Sociophonetics
.” WIREs Cognitive Science
12
, no. 3
(May
): e1550
. .Flego, Stefon; Forrest, Jon,
2021
. “Leveraging the Temporal Dynamics of Anticipatory Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Linguistic Prediction: A Statistical Modeling Approach
.” Journal of Phonetics
, no. 88
(Sept.
): art. 101093
. .Fligstein, Neil.
2013
. Going North: Migration of Blacks and Whites from the South, 1900–1950
.New York
: Academic Press
.Frey, William H.
2018
. Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America
. Washington, D.C.
: Brookings Institution
Press
.Fridland, Valerie; Bartlett, Kathy.
2006
. “The Social and Linguistic Conditioning of Back Vowel Fronting across Ethnic Groups in Memphis, Tennessee
.” English Language and Linguistics
10
, no. 1
(May
): 1
–22
. .Garland, Phyl.
1971
. “Atlanta: Black Mecca of the South
.” Ebony
, Aug.
1971
, 152
–57
. .Grieser, Jessica A.
2022a
. The Black Side of the River: Race, Language, and Belonging in Washington, DC
.Washington, D.C.
: Georgetown University Press
.Grieser, Jessica A.
2022b
. The Language of Professional Blackness: African Americans and the Linguistic Expression of Race, Place, and Class
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 107
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Howell, Aaron J.; Timberlake, Jeffrey M..
2014
. “Racial and Ethnic Trends in the Sub-urbanization of Poverty in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1980–2010
.” Journal of Urban Affairs
36
, no. 1
: 79
–98
. .Hunt, Larry L.; Hunt, Matthew O.; Falk, William W..
2008
. “Who Is Headed South? U.S. Migration Trends in Black and White, 1970–2000
.” Social Forces
87
, no. 1
(Sept.
): 95
–119
. .Hunt, Matthew O.; Hunt, Larry L.; Falk, William W..
2012
. “‘Call to Home?’ Race, Region, and Migration to the U.S. South, 1970–2000
.” Sociological Forum
27
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 117
–41
. .Jewell, Joseph O.
2007
. Race, Social Reform, and the Making of a Middle Class: The American Missionary Association and Black Atlanta, 1870–1900
.Lanham, Md.
: Rowman and Littlefield
.Kao, Grace; Thompson, Jennifer S..
2003
. “Racial and Ethnic Stratification in Educational Achievement and Attainment
.” Annual Review of Sociology
29
: 417
–42
. .King, Sharese.
2016
. “On Negotiating Racial and Regional Identities: Vocalic Variation among African Americans in Bakersfield, California
.” In “Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 44)
,” edited by Jeoung, Helen. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
22
, no. 2
. .King, Sharese.
2018
. “Exploring Social and Linguistic Diversity across African Americans from Rochester, New York
.” Ph.D. diss.
, Stanford University
.King, Sharese.
2020
. “From African American Vernacular English to African American Language: Rethinking the Study of Race and Language in African Americans’ Speech
.” Annual Review of Linguistics
6
: 285
–300
. .King, Sharese.
2021
. “Rethinking Race and Place: The Role of Persona in Sound Change Reversal
.” Journal of Sociolinguistics
25
, no. 2
(Apr.
): 159
–78
. .Kohn, Mary Elizabeth.
2014
. “The Way I Communicate Changes but How I Speak Don’t”: A Longitudinal Perspective on Adolescent Language Variation and Change
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 99
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
.Kohn, Mary; Wolfram, Walt; Farrington, Charlie; Renn, Jennifer; Hofwegen, Janneke Van.
2020
. African American Language: Language Development from Infancy to Adulthood
.Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Labov, William.
1972
. Sociolinguistic Patterns
. Philadelphia
: University of Pennsylvania Press
.Labov, William.
2001
. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 2, Social Factors
. Oxford
: Blackwell
.Labov, William; Cohen, Paul; Robins, Clarence; Lewis, John.
1968
. A Study of the Nonstandard English of Negro and Puerto Rican Speakers in New York City. Vol. 1, Phonological and Grammatical Analysis
. Cooperative Research Project no. 3288
. Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
. .Labov, William; Rosenfelder, Ingrid; Fruehwald, Josef.
2013
. “One Hundred Years of Sound Change in Philadelphia: Linear Incrementation, Reversal, and Reanalysis
.” Language
89
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 30
–65
. .Levshina, Natalia.
2022
. “Comparing Bayesian and Frequentist Models of Language Variation: The Case of help+ (to-) Infinitive
.” In Data and Methods in Corpus Linguistics: Comparative Approaches
, edited by Schützler, Ole; Schlüter, Julia, 224
–58
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Lloyd, Richard.
2012
. “Urbanization and the Southern United States
.” Annual Review of Sociology
38
: 483
–506
. .Long, Larry H.; Hansen, Kristin A..
1975
. “Trends in Return Migration to the South
.” Demography
12
, no. 4
(Nov.
): 601
–14
. .Massey, Douglas S.; Denton, Nancy A..
1988
. “The Dimensions of Residential Segregation
.” Social Forces
67
, no. 2
(Dec.
): 281
–315
. .Massey, Douglas S.; Denton, Nancy A..
1993
. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Harvard University Press
.McDaniel, Anne; DiPrete, Thomas A.; Buchmann, Claudia; Shwed, Uri.
2011
. “The Black Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: Historical Trends and Racial Comparisons
.” Demography
48
, no. 3
: 889
–914
. .Nesbitt, Monica.
2021
. “The Rise and Fall of the Northern Cities Shift: Social and Linguistic Reorganization of TRAP in Twentieth-Century Lansing, Michigan
.” American Speech
96
, no. 3
(Aug.
): 332
–70
. .Olive, Joseph P.; Greenwood, Alice; Coleman, John.
1993
. Acoustics of American English Speech: A Dynamic Approach
. New York
: Springer-Verlag
.Reddy, Sravana; Stanford, James.
2015
. “A Web Application for Automated Dialect Analysis
.” In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations
, edited by Gerber, Matt; Havasi, Catherine; Lacatusu, Finley, 71
–75
. Denver, Colo.
: Association for Computational Linguistics
. .Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Stanley, Joseph A.; Forrest, Jon; Glass, Lelia.
2023
. “Boomer Peak or Gen X Cliff? From SVS to LBMS in Georgia English
.” Language Variation and Change
35
, no. 2
(July
): 175
–97
. .Rosa, Jonathan; Flores, Nelson.
2017
. “Unsettling Race and Language: Toward a Raciolinguistic Perspective
.” Language in Society
46
, no. 5
(Nov.
): 621
–47
. .Ruggles, Steven; Flood, Sarah; Goeken, Ronald; Schouweiler, Megan; Sobek, Matthew,
2022
. “IPUMS USA: Version 12.0
.” Minneapolis, MN
: IPUMS
. .Spears, Arthur K.
2015
. “African American Standard English
.” In The Oxford Handbook of African American Language
, edited by Lanehart, Sonja, 786
–99
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
. .Stanley, Joseph A.
2022
. “Order of Operations in Sociophonetic Analysis
.” In “Selected Papers from NWAV 49
,” edited by Li, Aini; Hildebrandt, Gwendolyn. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
28
, no. 2
: 151
–60
. .Thiel, Anja; Dinkin, Aaron J.,
2020
. “Escaping the TRAP: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time
.” Language Variation and Change
32
, no. 3
(Oct.
): 373
–98
. .Thomas, Erik R.
1997
. “A Rural/Metropolitan Split in the Speech of Texas Anglos
.” Language Variation and Change
9
, no. 3
(Oct.
): 309
–32
. .Thomas, Erik R.
2007
. “Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English
.” Language and Linguistics Compass
1
, no. 5
(Sept.
): 450
–75
. .Tolnay, Stewart E.
2003
. “The African American ‘Great Migration’ and Beyond
.” Annual Review of Sociology
29
: 209
–32
. .Weldon, Tracey L.
2021
. Middle-Class African American English
.Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Wolfram, Walter A.
1969
. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech
. Urban Language Series 5
. Washington, D.C.
: Center for Applied Linguistics
.Wolfram, Walt.
2007
. “Sociolinguistic Folklore in the Study of African American English
.” Language and Linguistics Compass
1
, no. 4
(July
): 292
–313
. .Wright, Kelly Elizabeth.
2022
. “Black Professionalism: Perception and Metalinguistic Assessment of Black American Speakers’ Sociolinguistic Labor
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Michigan
.Yaeger-Dror, Malcah; Thomas, Erik R., eds.
2009
. African American English Speakers and Their Participation in Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 94
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Copyright © 2024 American Dialect Society
2024