The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
REFERENCES
Bailey, Guy; Maynor, Natalie.
1989
. “The Divergence Controversy
.” American Speech
64
, no. 1
(Spring): 12
–39
. .Bailey, Guy; Wikle, Tom; Tillery, Jan; Sand, Lori.
1996
. “The Linguistic Consequences of Catastrophic Events: An Example from the American Southwest
.” In Sociolinguistic Variation: Data, Theory, and Analysis; Selected Papers from NWAV 23 at Stanford
, edited by Arnold, Jennifer; Blake, Renée; Davidson, Brad; Schwenter, Scott; Solomon, Julia, 435
–51
. Stanford, Calif.
: CSLI Publications
.Baranowski, Maciej.
2017
. “Class Matters: The Sociolinguistics of GOOSE and GOAT in Manchester English
.” Language Variation and Change
29
, no. 3
(Oct.
): 301
–39
. .Becker, Kara, ed.
2019
. The Low-Back-Merger Shift: Uniting the Canadian Vowel Shift, the California Vowel Shift, and Short Front Vowel Shifts across North America
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 104
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. https://read.dukeupress.edu/pads/issue/104/1
.Benson, Erica J.; Fox, Michael J.; Balkman, Jared.
2011
. “The BAG That Scott BOUGHT: The Low Vowels in Northwest Wisconsin
.” American Speech
86
, no. 3
(Fall): 271
–311
. .Bissell, Marie.
2023
. “Placing /aw/ Retraction in the Retreat from the Southern Vowel Shift in Raleigh, North Carolina
.” Journal of English Linguistics
51
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 66
–83
. .Bittle, Jake.
2023
. The Great Displacement: Climate Change and the Next American Migration
.New York
: Simon and Schuster
.Blake, Renée; Shousterman, Cara.
2010
. “Diachrony and AAE: St. Louis, Hip-Hop, and Sound Change outside of the Mainstream
.” Journal of English Linguistics
38
, no. 3
(Sept.
): 230
–47
. .Boberg, Charles.
2001
. “The Phonological Status of Western New England
.” American Speech
76
, no. 1
(Spring): 3
–29
. .Boberg, Charles.
2005
. “The Canadian Shift in Montreal
.” Language Variation and Change
17
, no. 2
(July
): 133
–54
. .Bogue, Donald J.; Liegel, Gregory; Kozloski, Michael.
2009
. Immigration, Internal Migration, and Local Mobility in the U.S
. Cheltenham, U.K.
: Edward Elgar
.Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul.
2002
. Race and the Rise of Standard American
. Berlin
: Mouton de Gruyter
.Browne, Charlene; Stanford, James.
2018
. “Boston Dialect Features in the Black/African American Community
.” In “Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 46)
,” edited by Kodner, Jordan; Wade, Lacey. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
24
, no. 2
: 19
–27
. .Carmichael, Katie.
2017
. “Displacement and Local Linguistic Practices: R-lessness in Post-Katrina Greater New Orleans
.” Journal of Sociolinguistics
21
, no. 5
(Nov.
): 696
–719
. .Carmichael, Katie.
2020
. “(æ)fter the Storm: An Examination of the Short-a System in Greater New Orleans
.” Language Variation and Change
32
, no. 1
: 107
–31
. .Carmichael, Katie.
2023
. “Locating Place in Variationist Sociolinguistics: Making the Case for Ethnographically Informed Multidimensional Place Orientation Metrics
.” Journal of Linguistic Geography
11
, no. 2
(Oct.
): 65
–77
. .Carmichael, Katie.
2024
. “Yats No More: Intergenerational Change and the Development of the ‘New’ New Orleans Vowel System
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 62
–87
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Carter, David.
2010
. Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution
. 2nd ed. New York
: St. Martin’s Press
.Carter, Phillip M.; Valdez, Lydda López; Sims, Nandi.
2020
. “New Dialect Formation through Language Contact: Vocalic and Prosodic Developments in Miami English
.” American Speech
95
, no. 2
(May
): 119
–48
. .Chambers, J. K.
1998
. “Social Embedding of Changes in Progress
.” Journal of English Linguistics
26
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 5
–36
. .Chambers, J. K.
2013
. “Patterns of Variation including Change
.” In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change
, 2nd ed., edited by Chambers, J. K.; Schilling, Natalie, 297
–324
. Hoboken, N.J.
: Wiley-Blackwell
. .Cheng, Andrew; Jeon, Lisa; Kim, Dot-Eum.
2023
. “A Comparative Study of English Vowel Shifts and Vowel Space Area among Korean Americans in Three Dialect Regions
.” Journal of Linguistic Geography
11
, no. 1
(Apr.
): 38
–52
. .Cieri, Christopher.
2014
. “Challenges and Opportunities in Sociolinguistic Data and Metadata Sharing
.” Language and Linguistics Compass
8
, no. 11
(Nov.
): 472
–85
. .Cukor-Avila, Patricia; Bailey, Guy.
2015
. “Rural Texas African American Vernacular English
.” In The Oxford Handbook of African American Language
, edited by Lanehart, Sonja, 181
–200
. Oxford
: Oxford University Press
.Dinkin, Aaron J.
2011
. “Weakening Resistance: Progress toward the Low Back Merger in New York State
.” Language Variation and Change
23
, no. 3
(Oct.
): 315
–45
. .Dinkin, Aaron J.
2022
. “Generational Phases: Toward the Low-Back Merger in Cooperstown, New York
.” Journal of English Linguistics
50
, no. 3
(Sept.
): 219
–46
. .Dinkin, Aaron J.
2024
. “Local Attitudes and Dialect Change in a Tourist Town
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 37
–61
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Dixon, R. M. W.
1997
. The Rise and Fall of Languages
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Dodsworth, Robin; Benton, Richard A..
2017
. “Social Network Cohesion and the Retreat from Southern Vowels in Raleigh
.” Language in Society
46
, no. 3
(June
): 371
–405
. .Dodsworth, Robin; Kohn, Mary.
2012
. “Urban Rejection of the Vernacular: The SVS Undone
.” Language Variation and Change
24
, no. 2
(July
): 221
–45
. .D’Onofrio, Annette; Benheim, Jaime.
2020
. “Contextualizing Reversal: Local Dynamics of the Northern Cities Shift in a Chicago Community
.” Journal of Sociolinguistics
24
, no. 4
(Sept.
): 469
–91
. .Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma.
2015
. “Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York
.” In “Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV) 43
,” edited by Fisher, Sabriya. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
21
, no. 2
: 41
–47
. .Duncan, Daniel.
2019
. “The Influence of Suburban Development and Metropolitan Fragmentation on Language Variation and Change: Evidence from Greater St. Louis
.” Journal of Linguistic Geography
7
, no. 2
(Oct.
): 82
–97
. .Duncan, Daniel.
2024
. “Contested Place Construction and ‘Local’ Sound Change
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 221
–43
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Durian, David; Cameron, Richard.
2020
. “A New Perspective on the Development of the Northern Cities Shift in Chicago
.” In CLS 55: Proceedings of the Fifty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society
, edited by Eren, Ömer; Giannoula, Asimina; Gray, Sam; Lam (Daniel), Chi-Dat; del Rio, Aurora Martinez, 115
–28
. Chicago
: Chicago Linguistic Society
.Eckert, Penelope.
1988
. “Adolescent Social Structure and the Spread of Linguistic Change
.” Language in Society
17
, no. 2
(June
): 183
–207
. .Eckert, Penelope.
2012
. “Three Waves of Variation Study: The Emergence of Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic Variation
.” Annual review of Anthropology
41
: 87
–100
. .Eldredge, Niles; Gould, Stephen Jay.
1972
. “Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phylectic Gradualism
.” In Models in Paleobiology
, edited by Schopf, Thomas J. M., 82
–115
. San Francisco, Calif.
: Freeman and Cooper
.Fasold, Ralph W.
1969
. A Sociolinguistic Study of the Pronunciation of Three Vowels in Detroit Speech
. Washington, D.C.
: Center for Applied Linguistics
.Fisher, Sabriya.
2024
. “Mass Migration, Social Networks, and Generational Change: The Proliferation of ain’t for didn’t in Post-Migration Philadelphia
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 135
–66
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Forrest, Jon RobertJr.
2018
. “A Firm-Specific Analysis of Southern US English and Workplace Processes
.” Ph.D. diss.
, North Carolina State University
.Forrest, Jon; McDonald, Steve; Dodsworth, Robin.
2021
. “Linguistic Employment Niches: Southern Dialect across Industries
.” Socius
7
. .Forrest, Jon; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Stanley, Joey A.; Glass, Lelia.
2024
. “Demographic Change, Migration, and the African American Vowel System in Georgia
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 112
–34
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Frazer, Timothy C.
1983
. “Sound Change and Social Structure in a Rural Community
.” Language in Society
12
, no. 3
(Sept.
): 313
–28
. .Frey, William H.
1979
. “Central City White Flight: Racial and Nonracial Causes
.” American Sociological Review
44
, no. 3
(June
): 425
–48
. .Frey, William H.
2012
. “Population Growth in Metro America since 1980: Putting the Volatile 2000s in Perspective
.” Washington, D.C.
: Brookings Institution
. .Frey, William H.
2022
. “A ‘New Great Migration’ Is Bringing Black Americans Back to the South
.” Washington, D.C.
: Brookings Institution
. .Friedman, Lauren.
2014
. “The St. Louis Corridor: Mixing, Competing, and Retreating Dialects
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Pennsylvania
.Fruehwald, Josef.
2017
. “Generations, Lifespans, and the Zeitgeist
.” Language Variation and Change
29
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 1
–27
. .Glass, Lelia; Forrest, Jon,
2024
. “Testing the Effect of Political Ideology on the Southern Vowel Shift among White Georgians
.” Journal of English Linguistics
52
, no. 3
(Sept.
): 236
–64
. .Gordon, Matthew J.
2019
. “Language Variation and Change in Rural Communities
.” Annual Review of Linguistics
5
: 435
–53
. .Gordon, Matthew J.; Strelluf, Christopher,
2024
. “When Missoura Got Warshed Out: The Rise of Prescriptivist Influence as a Factor Reshaping Pronunciation
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 194
–220
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Grieser, Jessica A.
2022
. The Language of Professional Blackness: African Americans and the Linguistic Expression of Race, Place, and Class
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 107
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Hall-Lew, Lauren; Coppock, Elizabeth; Starr, Rebecca L..
2010
. “Indexing Political Persuasion: Variation in the Iraq Vowels
.” American Speech
85
, no. 1
(Spring): 91
–102
. .Hall-Lew, Lauren; Moore, Emma; Podesva, Robert J., eds.
2021
. Social Meaning and Linguistic Variation: Theorizing the Third Wave
.Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Hall-Lew, Lauren; Stephens, Nola.
2012
. “Country Talk
.” Journal of English Linguistics
40
, no. 3
(Sept.
): 256
–80
. .Hazen, Kirk.
2002
. “Identity and Language Variation in a Rural Community
.” Language
78
, no. 2
(June
): 240
–57
. .Helquist, Val J.
1970
. “A Study of One Phonological Variable in Urban and Rural Utah
.” M.A. thesis
, University of Utah
.Herold, Ruth.
1990
. “Mechanisms of Merger: The Implementation and Distribution of the Low Back Merger in Eastern Pennsylvania
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Pennsylvania
.Hinton, Leanne; Moonwomon, Birch; Bremner, Sue; Luthin, Herb; Clay, Mary Van; Lerner, Jean; Corcoran, Hazel.
1987
. “It’s Not Just the Valley Girls: A Study of California English
.” Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
13
: 117
–28
.Jacewicz, Ewa; Fox, Robert Allen; Salmons, Joseph.
2011
. “Cross-generational Vowel Change in American English
.” Language Variation and Change
23
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 45
–86
. .Jaggers, Zachary.
2018
. “A Combined Sociolinguistic and Experimental Phonetic Approach to Loanword Variation and Adaptation
.” Ph.D. diss
, New York University
.Johnson, Daniel Ezra.
2010
. Stability and Change along a Dialect Boundary: The Low Vowels of Southeastern New England
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 95
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Johnstone, Barbara.
2009
. “Pittsburghese Shirts: Commodification and the Enregisterment of an Urban Dialect
.” American Speech
84
, no. 2
(Summer): 157
–75
. .Joiner, Jhazzmyn.
2023
. “Metro Atlanta Adds 66,730 People in Past Year Amid Strong Jobs Growth
.” Atlanta Regional Commission
. .Jones, Jonathan A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L..
2021
. “Spatial Analysis of Sub-regional Variation in Southern US English
.” Journal of Linguistic Geography
9
, no. 2
(Oct.
): 86
–105
. .Kapner, Julianne E.
2019
. “Snowy Days and Nasal A’s: Examining the Rochester Accent of English through Oral Histories
.” B.A. honors thesis
, University of Rochester
.Kendall, Tyler; Fridland, Valerie.
2012
. “Variation in Perception and Production of Mid Front Vowels in the U.S. Southern Vowel Shift
.” Journal of Phonetics
40
, no. 2
(Mar.
): 289
–306
. .Kerswill, Paul; Williams, Ann.
2000
. “Creating a New Town koine: Children and Language Change in Milton Keynes
.” Language in Society
29
, no. 1
(Jan.
): 65
–115
. .Kim, Chaeyoon; Reddy, Sravana; Stanford, James N.; Wyschogrod, Ezra; Grieve, Jack.
2019
. “Bring on the Crowd! Using Online Audio Crowdsourcing for Large-Scale New England Dialectology and Acoustic Sociophonetics
.” American Speech
94
, no. 2
(May
): 151
–94
. .King, Sharese.
2021
. “Rethinking Race and Place: The Role of Persona in Sound Change Reversal
.” Journal of Sociolinguistics
25
, no. 2
(Apr.
): 159
–78
. .Kruse, Kevin M.
2013
. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism
. Princeton, N.J.
: Princeton University Press
. .Kundell, James E.; Myszewski, Margaret.
2017
. “Urban Sprawl
.” New Georgia Encyclopedia
. .Kurath, Hans; Hanley, Miles L.; Bloch, Bernard; Lowman, Guy S.Jr.; Hansen, Marcus L..
1939
. Linguistic Atlas of New England
. 3 vols. in 6 pts
. Providence, R.I.
: Brown University for the American Council of Learned Societies
.Labov, William.
1963
. “The Social Motivation of a Sound Change
.” Word
19
, no. 3
: 273
–309
. .Labov, William.
1991
. “The Three Dialects of English
.” In New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change
, edited by Eckert, Penelope, 1
–44
. San Diego, Calif.
: Academic Press
.Labov, William.
1994
. Principles of Language Change. Vol. 1, Internal Factors
. Oxford
: Blackwell
.Labov, William.
2001
. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. 2, Social Factors
. Oxford
: Blackwell
.Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles.
2006
. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change
. Berlin
: Mouton de Gruyter
.Labov, William; Yaeger, Malcah; Steiner, Richard.
1972
. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress
. Vol. 1
. Report on National Science Foundation Contract NSF-GS-3287
. Philadelphia
: U.S. Regional Survey
.Long, Larry.
1988
. Migration and Residential Mobility in the United States
. New York
: Russell Sage Foundation
.Lundergan, Sean,
2024
. “What Kind of Fronting? Leveling of /o/ in Raleigh
.” In Movement, Economy, Orientation: Twentieth-Century Shifts in North American Language
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 109
), edited by Stanley, Joseph A.; Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Nesbitt, Monica, 88
–111
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Mallinson, Christine; Childs, Becky.
2007
. “Communities of Practice in Sociolinguistic Description: Analyzing Language and Identity Practices among Black Women in Appalachia
.” Gender and Language
1
, no. 2
: 173
–206
. .McCarthy, Corrine.
2011
. “The Northern Cities Shift in Chicago
.” Journal of English Linguistics
39
, no. 2
(June
): 166
–87
. .McLarty, Jason; Kendall, Tyler; Farrington, Charlie.
2016
. “Investigating the Development of the Contemporary Oregonian English Vowel System
.” In Speech in the Western States, vol. 1, The Coastal States
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 101
), edited by Fridland, Valerie; Kendall, Tyler; Evans, Betsy E.; Wassink, Alicia Beckford, 135
–57
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .McNair, E. Dupree.
2005
. Mill Villagers and Farmers: Dialect and Economics in a Small Southern Town
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 90
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Milholland, Agatha.
2018
. “Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Buffalo, NY
.” Paper presented at the 47th annual New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 47)
, New York
, Oct. 18–21, 2018
.Nagy, Naomi.
2001
. “‘Live Free or Die’ as a Linguistic Principle
.” American Speech
76
, no. 1
(Spring): 30
–41
. .Nagy, Naomi; Irwin, Patricia.
2010
. “Boston (r): Neighbo(r)s Nea(r) and Fa(r)
.” Language Variation and Change
22
, no. 2
(July
): 241
–78
. .Nesbitt, Monica.
2021
. “The Rise and Fall of the Northern Cities Shift: Social and Linguistic Reorganization of TRAP in Twentieth-Century Lansing, Michigan
.” American Speech
96
, no. 3
(Aug.
): 332
–70
. .Nesbitt, Monica; Stanford, James N.,
2021
. “Structure, Chronology, and Local Social Meaning of a Supra-Local Vowel Shift: Emergence of the Low-Back-Merger Shift in New England
.” Language Variation and Change
33
, no. 3
(Oct.
): 269
–95
. .Pandit, Kavita; Withers, Suzanne Davies, eds.
1999
. Migration and Restructuring in the United States: A Geographic Perspective
. Lanham, Md.
: Rowman and Littlefield
.Parker, Kim.
2023
. “How Pew Research Center Will Report on Generations Moving Forward
.” Pew Research Center
. .Pederson, Lee; McDaniel, Susan Leas; Bailey, Guy; Bassett, Marvin, eds.
1986–92
. Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States
. 7 vols
. Athens
: University of Georgia Press
.Pike, Kenneth L.
1954
. Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior
. Part 1
, prelim. ed.. Glendale, Calif.
: Summer Institute of Linguistcs
.Podesva, Robert J.; D’Onofrio, Annette; Hofwegen, Janneke Van; Kim, Seung Kyung.
2015
. “Country Ideology and the California Vowel Shift
.” Language Variation and Change
27
, no. 2
(July
): 157
–86
. .Poplack, Shana; Tagliamonte, Sali.
1989
. “There’s No Tense Like the Present: Verbal -s Inflection in Early Black English
.” Language Variation and Change
1
, no. 1
(Mar.
): 47
–84
. .Preston, Dennis R.
1989
. “Standard English Spoken Here: The Geographical Loci of Linguistic Norms
.” In Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
, edited by Ammon, Ulrich, 324
–54
. Berlin
: Walter de Gruyter
.Rankinen, Wil; Neuhaus, Taylor; Albin, Aaron.
2019
. “Apparent-Time Evidence of American Raising in Western Lower Michigan
.” Paper presented at the 48th annual New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 48)
, Eugene, Ore.
, Oct. 10–12, 2018
.Reed, Paul E.
2016
. “Sounding Appalachian: /aI/ Monophthongization, Rising Pitch Accents, and Rootedness
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of South Carolina
.Reed, Paul E.
2018
. “The Importance of Appalachian Identity: A Case Study in Rootedness
.” American Speech
93
, nos. 3–4
(Aug.–Nov.
): 409
–24
. .Reed, Paul E.
2020
. “The Importance of Rootedness in the Study of Appalachian English: Case Study Evidence for a Proposed Rootedness Metric
.” American Speech
95
, no. 2
(May
): 203
–26
. .Renwick, Margaret E. L.; Stanley, Joseph A.; Forrest, Jon; Glass, Lelia.
2023
. “Boomer Peak or Gen X Cliff? From SVS to LBMS in Georgia English
.” Language Variation and Change
35
, no. 2
(July
): 175
–97
. .Roberts, Julie.
2006
. “As Old Becomes New: Glottalization in Vermont
.” American Speech
81
, no. 3
(Fall): 227
–49
. .Roberts, Julie.
2007
. “Vermont Lowering? Raising Some Questions about /ai/ and /au/ South of the Canadian Border
.” Language Variation and Change
19
, no. 2
(July
): 181
–97
. .Rodríguez, Shannon P.
2022
. “Constructing, Performing, and Indexing ‘Southern’ Latino Identities: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of the Intersection of Ethnicity and Place in the Speech of Young Adult Latinos in Georgia
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Georgia
.Schilling, Natalie.
2022
. “‘Backwards Talk’ in Smith Island, Maryland
.” American Speech
97
, no. 4
(Nov.
): 483
–511
. .Schrimpf, Natalie.
2013
. “Politics and Dialect Variation: A Sociophonetic Analysis of the Southern Vowel Shift in Middle TN
.” LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts
4
: art. 40
. .Stanford, James N.
2019
. New England English: Large-Scale Acoustic Sociophonetics and Dialectology
. New York
: Oxford University Press
.Stanley, Joseph A.
2018
. “Changes in the Timber Industry as a Catastrophic Event: BAG-Raising in Cowlitz County, Washington
.” In “Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 46)
,” edited by Kodner, Jordan; Wade, Lacey. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
24
, no. 2
: 137
–46
. .Stanley, Joseph A.
2023
. “Utahns Sound Utahn When They Avoid Sounding Utahn
.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Linguistics Society of America
, Denver, Colo.
, Jan. 5–8, 2023
.Strassel, Stephanie M.; Boberg, Charles.
1996
. “The Reversal of a Sound Change in Cincinnati
.” In “(N)WAVES and MEANS: A selection of papers from NWAVE 24
,” edited by Bhatt, Rajesh; Dimitriadis, Alexis; Embick, David; Garrett, Susan; Meyerhoff, Miriam; Siegel, Laura; Vachon, Gene. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
3
, no. 1
: 247
–56
. .Strauss, William; Howe, Neil.
1991
. Generations: The History of America’s Future, 1584 to 2069
. New York
: Morrow
.Sturtevant, Edgar H.
1947
. An Introduction to Linguistic Science
. New Haven
: Yale University Press
.Swan, Julia Thomas.
2020
. “Bag across the Border: Sociocultural Background, Ideological Stance, and BAG Raising in Seattle and Vancouver
.” American Speech
95
, no. 1
(Feb.
): 46
–81
. .Tagliamonte, Sali A.
2006
. “‘So cool, right?’: Canadian English Entering the 21st Century
.” Canadian Journal of Linguistics / Revue canadienne de linguistique
51
, nos. 2–3
: 309
–31
. .Tagliamonte, Sali.
2023
. “The ‘1984’ of Linguistic Change: A Sociolinguistic Shock Point in the Late 20th Century
.” Presented at the New Ways of Analyzing Variation 51 (NWAV 51)
, Queens, N.Y.
, Oct. 13–15, 2023
.Tagliamonte, Sali A.; D’Arcy, Alexandra; Louro, Celeste Rodríguez.
2016
. “Outliers, Impact, and Rationalization in Linguistic Change
.” Language
92
, no. 4
(Dec.
): 824
–49
. .Thiel, Anja.
2019
. “A Northern City Going Elsewhere: Apparent and Real-Time Sound Change in Ogdensburg, New York
.” Ph.D. diss.
, University of Bern
. .Thomas, Erik R.
1997
. “A Rural/Metropolitan Split in the Speech of Texas Anglos
.” Language Variation and Change
9
, no. 3
(Oct.
): 309
–32
. .Thomas, Erik R.
2001
. An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Variation in New World English
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 85
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Thomas, Erik R.
2007
. “Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English
.” Language and Linguistics Compass
1
, no. 5
(Sept.
): 450
–75
. .Thomas, Erik R.
2019a
. “Innovations in Sociophonetics
.” In The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics
, edited by Katz, William F.; Assmann, Peter F., 448
–72
. Abingdon, U.K.
: Routledge
.Thomas, Erik R.
2019b
. “A Retrospective on the Low-Back-Merger Shift
.” In The Low-Back-Merger Shift: Uniting the Canadian Vowel Shift, the California Vowel Shift, and Short Front Vowel Shifts across North America
(Publication of the American Dialect Society 104
), edited by Becker, Kara, 180
–204
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
. .Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy; Wikle, Tom.
2004
. “Demographic Change and American Dialectology in the Twenty-First Century
.” American Speech
79
, no. 3
(Fall): 227
–49
. .Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean.
2017
. International English: A Guide to Varieties of English Around the World
. 6th ed. London
: Routledge
. .Twenge, Jean M.
2023
. Generations: The Real Differences between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America’s Future
. New York
: Atria Books
.Wagner, Suzanne E.; Mason, Alexander; Nesbitt, Monica; Pevan, Erin; Savage, Matt.
2016
. “Reversal and Re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan
.” In “Selected Papers from New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 44)
,” edited by Jeoung, Helen. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
22
, no. 2
: 171
–79
. .Weaver, Frederick S.
2016
. An Economic History of the United States: Conquest, Conflict, and Struggles for Equality
. Lanham
: Rowman and Littlefield
.Weingroff, Richard F.
1996
. “Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956: Creating The Interstate System
.” Public Roads
60
, no. 1
(Summer). .Wells, J. C.
1982
. Accents of English
. 3 vols
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E..
2015
. “Regionality in the Development of African American English
.” In The Oxford Handbook of African American Language
, edited by Lanehart, Sonja, 140
–60
. New York
: Oxford University Press
. .Wolfram, Walt; Schilling, Natalie.
2015
. American English: Dialects and Variation
. 3rd ed. Hoboken, N.J.
: John Wiley and Sons
.Wolfram, Walt; Thomas, Erik R..
2002
. The Development of African American English
. Oxford
: Blackwell
.Yang, Maya
2021
. “Having a Go: US Parents Say Peppa Pig Is Giving Their Kids British Accents
.” The Guardian
, July 19, 2021. .Copyright © 2024 American Dialect Society
2024
This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.
