The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
REFERENCES
Bowie, David.
2008
. “Acoustic Characteristics of Utah's card-cord Merger.”
American Speech
83
.1
: 35
–61
. doi:10.1215/00031283-2008-002
.Conn, Jeff.
2006
. “Dialects in the Mist (Portland, OR).”
In American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast
, edited by Wolfram, Walt; Ward, Ben, 149
–55
. Malden, Mass.
: Blackwell
.DARE. Dictionary of American Regional English
. 1985–2013
. Edited by Cassidy, Frederic G.; Hall, Joan Houston. 6 vols
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
.DeCamp, David.
1958–59
. “The Pronunciation of English in San Francisco.”
Orbis
7
: 372
–91
; 8: 54–77
.Di Paolo, Marianna; Faber, Alice.
1990
. “Phonation Differences and the Phonetic Content of the Tense-Lax Contrast in Utah English.”
Language Variation and Change
2
.2
: 155
–204
. doi:10.1017/S0954394500000326
.Eckert, Penelope.
2008
. “Where Do Ethnolects Stop?”
International Journal of Bilingualism
12
.1–2
: 25
–42
. doi:10.1177/13670069080120010301
.Faber, Alice; Di Paolo, Marianna.
1995
. “The Discriminability of Nearly Merged Sounds.”
Language Variation and Change
7
.1
: 35
–78
. doi:10.1017/S0954394500000892
.Fought, Carmen.
1999
. “A Majority Sound Change in a Minority Community: /u/-Fronting in Chicano English.”
Journal of Sociolinguistics
3
.1
: 5
–23
. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.t01-1-00060
.Fridland, Valerie; Kendall, Tyler.
2012
. “Exploring the Relationship between Production and Perception in the Mid Front Vowels of U.S. English.”
Lingua
122
.7
: 779
–93
. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.12.007
.Fridland, Valerie; Macrae, Toby.
2008
. “Patterns of /uw/, /ʊ/, and /ow/ Fronting in Reno, Nevada.”
American Speech
83
.4
: 432
–54
. doi:10.1215/00031283-2008-030
.Hagiwara, Robert.
1997
. “Dialect Variation and Formant Frequency: The American English Vowels Revisited.”
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
102
.1
: 655
–58
. doi:10.1121/1.419712
.Hall-Lew, Lauren.
2005
. “One Shift, Two Groups: When Fronting Alone Is Not Enough.”
In “Selected Papers from NWAVE 32,”
edited by Baranowski, Maciej; Horesh, Uri; Evans, Keelan; Nguyen, Giang. University of Philadelphia Working Papers in Linguistics
10
.2
: 105
–16
. http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol10/iss2/9/.———.
2009
. “Ethnicity and Phonetic Variation in a San Francisco Neighborhood.”
Ph.D. diss.
, Stanford University
. http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/~lhlew/Hall-Lew_2009.pdf.———.
2010
. “Ethnicity and Sociolinguistic Variation in San Francisco.”
Language and Linguistics Compass
4
.7
: 458
–72
. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00207.x
.———.
2011
. “The Completion of a Sound Change in California English.”
In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), 17–21 August 2011, Hong Kong
, edited by Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric, 807
–10
. Hong Kong
: City University of Hong Kong
. https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2011/OnlineProceedings/RegularSession/Hall-Lew/Hall-Lew.pdf.Hinton, Leanne; Moonwomon, Birch; Bremner, Sue; Luthin, Herb; Van Clay, Mary; Lerner, Jean; Corcoran, Hazel.
1987
. “It's Not Just the Valley Girls: A Study of California English.”
In Berkeley Linguistics Society: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Meeting, February 14–16, 1987
, edited by Aske, Jon; Beery, Natasha; Michaelis, Laura; Filip, Hana, 117
–28
. Berkeley, Calif.
: Berkeley Linguistics Society
. doi:10.3765/bls.v13i0.1811
.Kendall, Tyler; Fridland, Valerie.
2012
. “Variation in Perception and Production of Mid Front Vowels in the U.S. Southern Vowel Shift.”
Journal of Phonetics
40
.2
: 289
–306
. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2011.12.002
.Kennedy, Robert; Grama, James.
2012
. “Chain Shifting and Centralization in California Vowels: An Acoustic Analysis.”
American Speech
87
.1
: 39
–56
. doi:10.1215/00031283-1599950
.Labov, William.
1994
. Principles of Linguistic Change
. Vol. 1
, Internal Factors
. Cambridge, Mass.
: Blackwell
.Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles.
2006
. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change
. Berlin
: Mouton de Gruyter
.Luthin, Herbert.
1987
. “The Story of California (ow): The Coming-of-Age of English in California.”
In Variation in Language: NWAV-XV at Stanford; Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation
, edited by Denning, Keith M.; Inkelas, Sharon; McNair-Knox, Faye C.; Rickford, John R., 312
–24
. Stanford, Calif.
: Dept. of Linguistics, Stanford University
.Moonwomon, Birch.
1987
. “Truly Awesome: (ɔ) in California English.”
In Variation in Language: NWAV-XV at Stanford; Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference on New Ways of Analyzing Variation
, edited by Denning, Keith M.; Inkelas, Sharon; McNair-Knox, Faye C.; Rickford, John R., 325
–36
. Stanford, Calif.
: Dept. of Linguistics, Stanford University
.Podesva, Robert J.
2011
. “The California Vowel Shift and Gay Identity.”
American Speech
86
.1
: 32
–51
. doi:10.1215/00031283-1277501
.Reed, Carroll E.
1961
. “The Pronunciation of English in the Pacific Northwest.”
Language
37
.4
: 559
–64
. doi:10.2307/411357
.Terrell, Tracy D.
1976
. “Some Theoretical Considerations on the Merger of the Low Vowel Phonemes in American English.”
Proceedings of the Second Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
, edited by Thompson, Henry; Whistler, Kenneth; Edge, Vicki; Jaeger, Jeri J.; Javkin, Ronya; Petruck, Miriam; Smeall, Christopher; Van Valin, Robert D.Jr., 350
–59
. Berkeley, Calif.
: Berkeley Linguistics Society
. doi:10.3765/bls.v2i0.2302
.Wassink, Alicia; Squizzero, Robert; Scanlon, Mike; Schirra, Rachel; Conn, Jeffrey.
2009
. “Effects of Gender and Style on Fronting and Raising of /æ/, /e:/ and /ε/ before /ɡ/ in Seattle English.”
Paper presented at the 38th annual meeting of New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV 38)
, Ottawa
, Oct.
22–25
.Wells, J. C.
1982
. Accents of English 1: An Introduction
. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press
.Yaeger-Dror, Malcah; Thomas, Erik R., eds.
2009
. African American English Speakers and Their Participation in Local Sound Changes: A Comparative Study
. Publication of the American Dialect Society 94
. Durham, N.C.
: Duke University Press
.Copyright 2016 by the American Dialect Society
2016
This content is made freely available by the publisher. It may not be redistributed or altered. All rights reserved.