... Smith College 2021 anti-Muslim racisms racial marking civilizational thinking veiling Orientalia Islamophobia and anti-Muslim racism as discourse is not new and cannot be reduced to a phobia. 1 It is instead about a racial project of accumulation based on the idea of European...

... that is key to how dominant groups in several parts of the world occupy Muslim lands and destroy Muslim communities. Anti-Muslim racism forges a global whiteness as it moves, installing a civilizational divide between Muslims, conjured as barbaric, misogynist, premodern Others who require force and Europeans...

... of Black women, as they run counter to the established order and are nourished by a Black African cosmovision or point of view, constitutive of Afro-Brazilian civilizational values. The latter elements form the basis for their thought, supplying thematic content and an epistemological perspective...

... a Western discourse that, in order to justify European colonialism, constructs Asian societies as exotic, different, and inferior (Said 1979). Andrea Smith argues that Orientalism applies not only to Asians, but to all inferiorized groups that pose a civilizational alternative to Euro-American empire...

... by focusing on how debates over polygamy and prostitution are indicative of civilizational discourse, performative rituals, and cultural mandates dictating women's dress. In the Thai context, the debates are revealing of modernization and miscegenation that are key to questions of royal succession...

... reveals how the discourse of"protection" flexes to accommodate particular socio-historical conditions. This work highlights the ways in which women emerge as the primary battleground in dueling colonialist/nationalist discourses of civilizational and cultural superiority (Narayan 1997; Mani 1998...