...Filip Kovacevic Filip Kovacevic is a professor at the University of Montenegro. Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2007 Montenegro and the Politics of Postcommunist Transition: 1990 to 2006 Filip Kovacevic I was promoted to be a major...

... in backsliding activities and proved to be a more significant driver for backsliding than other common predictors. authoritarianism democracy transitions China Erdogan EU accession Russia © 2018 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2018 ...

...Ioannis Tzortzis This essay presents the findings of comparative research on democratic transitions by reforma in Greece, Spain, and Turkey but in a framework not previously used and one rather different from the one established in the now-classical study of democratic transitions set by Guillermo...

...Konstantinos S. Skandalis Entrepreneurship represents a very important element in the sustainable development of a country’s economy and becomes more complex when viewed from the angle of migration, which affects nearly all countries whether they are a place of origin, transit, destination...

... Musharraf to resign, but more steps are needed to complete the transition to a true democracy. Mohamed A. El-Khawas is professor of history and political science at the University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC. Copyright 2009 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2009 Musharraf...

... captured Mogadishu with little resistance from the ICU. The Ethiopian intervention has led to more chaos and instability in Somalia over the past two years. In November 2008, the Ethiopian government announced that its forces would pull out of Somalia by the end of 2008. In June 2008, the Transitional...

... to note that the ongoing democratization in this region is transitional and tentative at best, and there is a looming threat that the old power structure will superimpose itself again. There is a need to understand concepts of democracy from African, Arabic, and Indian contributions. This essay argues...

... G. Encarnación’s Democracy without Justice in Spain: The Politics of Forget- ting provides a detailed account of Spain’s successful, albeit unorthodox, transition to democracy after the death of the country’s long-­time dictator, Francisco Franco. Accord- ing to Encarnación, Spain experienced...

... and utility, it was resurrected. At a ministerial meeting in Islamabad in June 1990, the Izmir Treaty, signed as the framework for the RCD in 1977, was modified to provide a proper legal framework for the transition from RCD to ECO. Following the ratifica...

... of destination and transit. Some fi gures may illustrate this: There were, by the early 2000s, more than 3 million Turkish citizens in Europe, more than 110,000 in Arab countries, and some 1. See, for instance, Bill Jordan and Franck Düvell, Migration: The Boundaries of Equality and Justice (Cambridge...

... in gaining some resemblance of stability. Either the existence of federalist structures prior to the transition to democracy or their installation following the introduction of democracy has often served to exacerbate rather than ameliorate ethnic con- flict and tension. This has left many scholars...

... at the End of the Twentieth Century: The Case of Spain,” in El Dorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe (New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), ed. Russell King, Gabriella Lazaridis, and Charalampos Tsardanidis; Wayne A. Cornelius, “Spain: The Uneasy Transition from Labor Exporter to Labor Importer...

... promised a joyful and peaceful transition to a better world, the bloody civil war of June marked an end to the rosy belief in a united people versus the tyrants. The specter of a violent threat from below encouraged the bourgeoi- sie to accept limited reform and strike a deal with the old order...

.... To some extent we can also speak about direct connections to Cen- tral Asia along the lines of expansion of Alexander of Macedonia and along the famous Silk Road. Its strategic importance lay mostly in the role it played as a bridge and a frontier, a buffer and transit zone, between Europe...

... at the brink of a complex and time-consuming transition into new democratic and free-economy systems. In itself, this was a dramatic transformation, but it should also have been realistic to expect that the dissolution of Yugoslavia would carry a del- icate potential, which, if not controlled, could...

... transition to modernity and democ- racy, however, is still incomplete. Most Spaniards as well as the “transitolo- gists” who have written glowingly of the Spanish transition would prefer that we not pay attention to the persistence of many forms of traditional...

... the protest, he was quickly put under house arrest by the government.8 He was chosen by the opposition groups as their representative to negotiate with the government.9 At the same time, he called on Mubarak to quit and proposed a transitional government “headed by a presidential council of two or three...

... Review of World Energy (London: BP, 2014), 6, 20. 14. US Energy Information Administration (EIA), “World Oil Transit Chokepoints,” updated 10 November 2014, www.eia.gov/countries/regions-­topics.cfm?fips=wotc&trk=p3. 54  Mediterranean Quarterly: September 2015 order to comply with the sanctions...

... Moreover, a significant element of the creation of the Euro-Mediterranean FTZ is the transitional period of twelve years available to the TMCs to adapt 7. See A. Tovias and J. Bacaria, “Free Trade and the Mediterranean,” Mediterranean Politics 4, no. 2 (1999): 5. 8. See H. Ghesquiere, “Selected...

... that are ethnically diverse and that do not have traditions or experiences with democratic institutions or culture. Political Liberalization Several transitions to democracy are under way in Africa. Many countries completed the initial...