...: Spain Fights Europe’s Last Active Terrorist Group William S. Shepard One week after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pen- tagon on 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush marshaled the American people and allies of good...

...Lukáš Tichý This essay focuses on the global terrorist and militant group the Islamic State (IS), specifically on its use of terrorism targeting the energy sector as a strategic political instrument in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in 2014–16. The essay has two main thrusts. First...

...Anthony N. Celso The presence of al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM) may be interpreted as the opening of a new front in the cause of international jihad. However, terrorist activity in North Africa is not new, for the region has been convulsed by past jihadist insurgencies. The essay argues that AQIM...

... that the influx of refugee flows can increase the likelihood of terrorist attacks. Furthermore, 65 percent of Greeks have a negative review of Muslims. Because Greece has not been the victim of Muslim terrorist attacks and historically has had strong ties with the Arab world, these perceptions represent a puzzle...

... costs of the effort, and the Arab Awakening. This does not mean, however, that the United States will no longer pursue counterterrorists. Drones and special forces have emerged as the key tools in US counterterrorism, and the United States is likely to continue pursuing terrorist cells and high-value...

... parliamentarians have been active in foreign policy. First, they used the new concept of “responsibility to protect” (R2P) in 2011 over Libya. Then, in the case of Syria, their main focus was on reacting to the 2013 use of chemical weapons by the Bashar al-Assad regime. Later still, after several Daesh terrorist...

... ability to deal with countries outside the EU using existing interparliamentary meetings. This evolution of the EP has occurred while other important and related developments were taking place: the emergence of a global terrorist threat and the so-called Arab Spring, which has spanned most Arab countries...

...Philip Giraldi The US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 has resulted in a resurgence in Kurdish nationalism. There has also been a revival of the terrorist threat directed against Turkey coming from the Kurdistan Workers' Party based in northern Iraq. The inability of the United States to curb...

...Efstathios T. Fakiolas; Tassos Fakiolas Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States has been presented with a unique structural opportunity to establish world.scale hegemony. But it was not until after the 11 September terrorist attacks that an American president explicitly set...

... accord with the Basque separatist organization ETA and its willingness to accommodate and integrate North African diaspora communities have floundered. Faced with repeated terrorist attacks and plots, the socialists have reversed course and have moved decisively toward a more draconian law enforcement...

...Evaghoras L. Evaghorou In recent years, the eastern Mediterranean has been characterized by instability and intense competition among states and nonstate actors. This is mainly because of the Syrian crisis, the terrorist activity of the Islamic State in Syria, the competition over energy sources...

.... Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2004 Terrorism in the United States: Revisiting the Hart-Rudman Commission William W. Ellis The terrorist threat to the United States was recognized before the horrible events of 11 September 2001...

... of the twenty-first century,” pitting his administration against those who use violence to impose a “dark vision of tyranny,” as if it were a single conflict with a single objective. He has also cited a questionable “worldwide network” of radicals and has vowed to “defeat the terrorists in Iraq” so...

... Eras Anthony N. Celso While global terror has emerged as today’s dominant issue, countries have grappled with terrorist attacks for generations.1 Violent movements and the terrorist attacks they inspire have bedeviled policy makers in Algeria, Colom- bia, England...

... but also of others, of the nature of international terrorism today. Given the tremendous shock and salience of that event, the shaping is not surprising. The events of 9/11 fostered the ten- dency to identify terrorist threats with al Qaeda. Afghanistan, because of its connection to al Qaeda...

... in 1998, the UN Security Council stressed in Resolution 1189 “that every member state has the duty to refrain from organizing, instigating, assisting or participating in terrorist acts in another state or acquiescing in organiz- ing activities within its territory...

... that supported it was an act of self- defense, a lack of introspection makes most Americans stop there. They never ask why the United States was attacked on 11 September. President Bush’s dubious explanation for the attacks was that the terrorists hated U.S. freedoms. Besides being an explanation...

... man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter.” That phrase, arguing that some uses of terrorism can be a legitimate form of resistance against tyranny, has bedeviled discussion and analysis of terrorism for years. This has been especially true in the modern era, with the prominence of national...

... Terrorism in Greece: Revisiting an Issue Dora Bakoyannis In 1989 my husband, Pavlos, a member of parliament and a journalist, was gunned down by terrorists as he was on his way to his office. He was one of the architects...

... of 2009. But to all it is a threat of a very basic sort. There are two major components of any foreseeable response. The US Commission on National Security/21st Century identified them plainly in its second report, published in April 2000. Terrorist attacks on the United States, as anticipated...