... Federal Government and the Alliance for the Re-Liberation of Somalia (ARS), a group dominated by members of the ICU, signed an agreement in Djibouti mediated by United Nations special envoy Ahmedou Ould-Abdullah. The next phase of the Somali conflict is likely to occur between the ARS and al-Shabaab...

...- lia has been without a central government. Efforts to bring stability to the country in the Horn of Africa have failed repeatedly. Warlords and political factions control territories, and factional fighting continues unabated. In 1991, the Somali National Movement...

... in Somalia. Converting the peacekeepers into fighters dissipated the US consensus on policy in Somalia. From that point of view, the Somali conflict involved a large number of actors, including the United States, and an expanded new role of the UN under Boutros-­Ghali. Moreover, the Somali conflict...

... 2009. 10. Ibid. 11. The distinction was previously held by Asia, particularly the waters off Indonesia and the Strait of Malacca, the maritime strip between peninsular Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. 12. “Africa Tops List of World Piracy Hot Spots.” 13. “Somali Pirates Risk...

... In 1992, President George H. W. Bush ordered some twenty-five-thousand American troops to protect relief workers trying to assist hundreds of thou- sands of Somalis threatened by starvation. The collapse of central authority in Somalia after the ouster of the Siad Barre government in 1991 led to anar...

.... The most affected area in Ethiopia is the Somali region, where scores of people have fled their homes in search of food and water at feeding centers in Gode and other surrounding towns. Ethiopian and nongovernmental organization officials have criticized...

... to the fight against piracy. For the EU, the situation in the Gulf of Aden had figured high on the list of security concerns throughout 2008. In May, the European Council had expressed its “concern at the upsurge of piracy attacks off the Somali coast,” especially for the consequences on maritime...

... back- ground into multiple countries. Examples of territorial claims based on eth- nicity, known as irredentism, include the mutual territorial claims by Ghana (formerly Gold Coast) and Togo in the 1960s to the areas inhabited by Ewes and the Somali claims in the 1960s to parts of Ethiopia...

..., and a protocol was signed covering the training of Sudanese judges in Teh- ran, the printing of new books, and the training of mid-­rank Sudanese civil servants. With regard to the Somali issue, the civil war and anarchy that prevailed in Somalia presented a convenient opportunity for Iran and Sudan...

... through June Azmera rains, and the late onset of the June through September Kremti rains.” The most affected regions in Ethiopia are the Somali and Afar regions, the populations of which are largely pastoralist or nomadic. High population growth, inefficient agricultural policies, misplaced budgetary...

... school. The 2011 killing of Awlaki in a CIA missile drone strike will no doubt hurt AQAP’s recruitment campaign in the West. Somalia, lawless for over a decade, has been a breeding ground for ter- rorist recruitment, with many Somali North American and European émi- grés returning to wage jihad...

... consistently generated pragmatic and workable solutions. (The cases of Kosovo, Bosnia, and piracy off the Somali coast are instructive.) Third, I have heard, on both sides of the Atlantic, endless debates about the fundamental need to take the conceptual work forward and to lay out a grand strategy...

..., intel- ligence had not divined the assistance provided to Somali warlords by this new organization that termed itself, “the Base,” or al Qaeda. The terrorism that resulted in the bombing of the US and French marine barracks in Lebanon in 1983 was carried out by a religiously based move- ment...

... the United States began supporting corrupt warlords, fueling the Somali public’s resentment of foreigners and making the Islamists popular enough to seize the country. The United States then sup- ported a third non-Muslim invasion and occupation of a Muslim land — which provokes Islamists...

... (Senegalese and Somalis). To test its hypothesis about race, the team devised what it called the “Switch” experiment. Survey participants were queried concerning their views on immigrants’ responsibility for social problems Clarke N. Ellis, a retired senior Foreign...

... (Moroccans, Tunisians, and Algeri- ans), and sub-Saharan Africans (Senegalese and Somalis). To test its hypothesis about race, the team devised what it called the “Switch” experiment. Survey participants were queried concerning their views on immigrants’ responsibility...

...), and sub-Saharan Africans (Senegalese and Somalis). To test its hypothesis about race, the team devised what it called the “Switch” experiment. Survey participants were queried concerning their views on immigrants’ responsibility for social problems Clarke N. Ellis...

... witnessed internecine feuding and intraorganizational bloodletting as leaders clash for dominance. While internally divided and weak, such groups can be quite dangerous. The Somali network’s September 2013 assault against Nairobi’s Westgate shopping mall killing more than sixty people has been...

... into unnecessary conflicts and risk the lives of Mon- tenegrin soldiers created additional aversion toward the alliance. Some of those fears were confirmed as early as 2009, when the parliament approved troop deployments in support of international missions in Afghanistan, Libe- ria, and off of the Somali...

... in Ron Nordland and Zoran Cirjakovic, “Dictatorial Democrats,” Newsweek, 5 October 1998, 28. 73. Ibid. 74. Quoted in Thomas Wagner, “Somali Peace Unlikely, UN Military Chief Says—Advice Next Time: More Troops, No Pullout,” Times-Picayune (New...