... the historical roots of the current confessional-political conflict. Second, it provides an overview of the Muslim Brotherhood – led 1979 – 82 rebellion and its defeat in Hama. Third, it discusses the role that the Muslim Brotherhood revolt plays in the current conflict. Fourth, it analyzes jihadist infighting...

... highlighting the history of Israel’s defense strategy and reviewing the Arab Spring revolts, the authors find that the recent uprisings exacerbate several issues faced by Israel, including geopolitical relations with other countries in the region, energy issues, and growing threats presented by nonstate actors...

...Paul R. Pillar The revolts known collectively as the Arab Spring are largely reactions of alienated populations to the closed economic and political systems that prevail in the Middle East. Revolutions in individual countries have differed because of the differing status of the military, sectarian...

... the bookshelves with studies of the Armenian question, such an intention may at first seem superfluous. But with respect to the effects of the provincial Armenian revolts on the Ottoman government and on its war effort, one still finds major areas that have been incompletely investigated. The analysis...

... historiography. In view of the steady flow of publications that expand the bookshelves with studies of the Armenian question, such an intention may at first seem superfluous. But with respect to the effects of the provincial Armenian revolts on the Ottoman government and on its war effort, one still...

... the bookshelves with studies of the Armenian question, such an intention may at first seem superfluous. But with respect to the effects of the provincial Armenian revolts on the Ottoman government and on its war effort, one still finds major areas that have been incompletely investigated. The analysis...

... and were determined to sabotage any British efforts in the region. The second component was the attempt of the various Arab groups to further their own cause. For the most part, the British handled their dealings with the Arabs better than did the French. Revolt in Iraq led the British to work...

.... Revolt in Iraq led the British to work through Feisal as a figurehead. Winston Churchill followed this line because the cost of suppressing the uprising was both prohibitive and likely to affect his own political career. For their part, the French decided to take military action to quell the revolt...

... and were determined to sabotage any British efforts in the region. The second component was the attempt of the various Arab groups to further their own cause. For the most part, the British handled their dealings with the Arabs better than did the French. Revolt in Iraq led the British to work...

..., the crucial period before the revolt. Hanioglu examines the mainstream organizations that were behind the Revolution of 1908, which laid the foundation for later developments that reshaped both the Middle East and the Balkans. His historical research is strong and informative, based on extensive use...

... in 1995 and now this one, which gives a detailed account of the Young Turk movement from 1902 to 1908, the crucial period before the revolt. Hanioglu examines the mainstream organizations that were behind the Revolution of 1908, which laid the foundation for later developments that reshaped both...

... written two books on the Young Turks in recent years, The Young Turks in Opposition in 1995 and now this one, which gives a detailed account of the Young Turk movement from 1902 to 1908, the crucial period before the revolt. Hanioglu examines the mainstream organizations that were behind the Revolution...

... in 1995 and now this one, which gives a detailed account of the Young Turk movement from 1902 to 1908, the crucial period before the revolt. Hanioglu examines the mainstream organizations that were behind the Revolution of 1908, which laid the foundation for later developments that reshaped both...

..., nevertheless, were inclined to believe that the revolt might trigger a Catholic Albanian revolution that would derive support from the other Balkan states and Austria-Hungary. The ARCC shared the Malissor aspiration and had been working in this direction. Shortly after the rising, Albanian nationalists...

..., Patronage, and Repression,” IAI Working Papers, 12/09 (Rome: Insti- tute for International Affairs); and Zoltan Barany, “Why Monarchies (Largely) Escaped the Arab Revolts” (University of Texas working paper, Austin, July 2012). 3. See, for instance, Michael Herb, All in the Family: Absolutism...

....9 Recalling Shiite revolts against legitimate Sunni authority, Taymiyya viewed them as anti-­Islamic, 6. Jean Charles Brisard, Zarqawi: The New Face of Al Qaeda (Cambridge: Cambridge Policy Press, 2005). 7. Maura Conway, “From al-­Zarqawi to al-­Awlaki: The Emergence and Development...

... Zaghlul Pasha, and his Wafd Party, an Egyptian nationalist movement, defied the British and won a majority in the local legislature. When the British reacted by exiling Zaghlul and his associates to Malta in 1919, Egyptians rose in their first mod- ern revolution. The revolt forced the British...

... salient during the Arab revolts of 2011, on which the UfM failed to take any stance,” according to Tina Freyburg, Sandra Lavenex, Frank Schim- melfennig, Tatiana Skripka, and Anne Wetzel, Democracy Promotion by Functional Cooperation: The European Union and Its Neighbourhood (Basingstoke, UK...

... Empire’s anticipated collapse in the Balkans, on 20 July 1903 (the Feast of Prophet Elijah) the Bulgarian clandestine orga- nization called on all Christians of Macedonia to revolt against the Turks. The uncoordinated, undisciplined, and poorly executed Ilinden uprising that followed, with IMRO’s...

... the power of America’s military and the strength of its economy, they admire the power of our ideals — it’s why the young Egyptian officer commented as he did, and why the uprisings were inevitable. And it is why my political experience convinces me that the reason the people revolted contains...