... State University, Berks Campus, Reading, Pennsylvania. Carrots, Sticks, and Bombs: The End of Libya’s WMD Program Randall Newnham At the end of December 2008, the United States and Libya formally resumed diplomatic relations with the arrival...

...Walter R. Roberts The term public diplomacy has only recently reached the American lexicon but has not obtained a definitive interpretation. This essay attempts to present a definition based on history and practical usage. It traces the public diplomacy program from its beginnings, explains its...

...Kenneth B. Moss The planned deployment of ballistic missile defense systems in Poland and a radar system in the Czech Republic to defend against possible attack from Iran has stirred strong opposition from Moscow. Concern about Iran's nuclear-enrichment program is legitimate, but the United States...

..., and intentions are poorly understood. Many intelligence professionals consider Iran to be the hardest intelligence target in the world. Solid intelligence does exist about the regime's nuclear program, as reported in the 2007 Iran National Intelligence Estimate. There is no evidence that Iran has decided...

... their program to satisfy Southern secessionists. However, because four candidates ran in the 1860 presiden- tial race, Lincoln, the nominee of a regional northern party, won with only 39 percent of the vote — hardly a mandate to institute Republican policies, especially by force. Moreover, in 1869...

...Spyridon N. Litsas Since 2010 Greece has been between a rock and a hard place. In particular, since May 2010 the so-called troika (European Commission, International Monetary Fund, and European Central Bank) has provided financial support to Greece through an economic adjustment program while...

...Philip Giraldi Iran poses two fundamental challenges to the United States. First is its alleged program to develop a nuclear weapon, which is currently being negotiated and which might be managed and contained through concerted international action. Second, and more threatening in the long term...

...Gawdat Bahgat Since the early 2000s Iran's nuclear program has been a major focus of international and regional policy. Many policy makers and scholars have expressed their concern that if Iran “goes nuclear” other Middle Eastern countries, particularly Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, will follow...

...Philip Giraldi Washington is confronted by a number of policy issues relating to Iran, most prominently Tehran's nuclear program and the country's role in the region. There is no good US policy fix for dealing with the situation, but the regular invocation by Washington of a military option...

... and assertion of their rights. The authors conclude that any attempts at finding solutions to the conflict must address issues of program and policy. They posit that policies founded on rights and environmental justice are imperative to help to resolve the differences between the fighting stakeholders...

... program, although it is currently feeling the weight of new sanctions from the UN—as well as pressures from the United States and the EU. Copyright 2011 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2011 Mohamed El-Khawas is professor of history and international relations, University of the District of Columbia...

...: Prospects for a Diplomatic Solution Mohamed A. El-Khawas The revelation in 2002 that Iran had a secret nuclear program propelled its case to the center stage of world politics. The Tehran government has persistently claimed that its nuclear program is designed solely...

..., such as the Nunn-Lugar/Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which has deac- tivated over fifty-five hundred nuclear warheads and endeavors to stop the spread of weapons of mass destruction and associated knowledge. • The second is deterrence and interdiction...

... as the primary mechanism to further cooperation in the political, economic, and cultural fields. From 1995 through 2007, the MEDA Program emerged as the main EU financial instrument supporting the EMP’s goals of economic transition, bet- ter socioeconomic balance, regional integration, and the creation...

... during the 1990s articulated a role for itself as a promoter of democratic values in postcommunist states. NATO’s Partnership for Peace program, which was founded in 1993 to promote interaction and engage- ment between the Western allies and former Soviet and Warsaw Pact states, included...

..., contributing more than one-half of all bilateral global HIV/AIDS funding. President Bush’s Emergency Plan for Aids Relief is directing $15 billion over five years for treatment and prevention. 5. The United States is the largest donor to the United Nations World Food Program. Since 2003...

... ideology, identity, or program or seek to Islamize society through force.21 Perhaps it is simply to the party’s advantage to be conservative because of the society it operates in. Like other Muslim-­majority countries in the world, a large section of Turkish society comprises devout Muslims who...

... program. In East Asia, North Korea, a long-time adversary of its southern counterpart, recently declared that it was resuming its own nuclear weapons program after several years’ hiatus. Sandwiched among hostile states, North Korea is also wary of the U.S. military buildup on the Korean peninsula...

... concerns are understandable. The Clinton administra- tion, unfortunately, failed to lay the groundwork for TMD and especially NMD with America’s European allies. Many Europeans were unaware of the U.S. NMD program until very recently and do not yet understand...

... of interest and repayment of principal). In response to the unfolding crisis, and amid protests and strikes, between January and March 2010 the Greek government unveiled a strict stabiliza- tion program in three phases: it would aim at reducing the fiscal deficit by 4 percentage points of gross...