...-Cameroon Oil Pipeline— Hope for Poverty Reduction? J. Anyu Ndumbe The constant search by the West for alternative suppliers of energy sources has led it to channel billions of dollars toward oil exploration...

...Donald R. Norland Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2003 Donald R. Norland is a retired career U.S. Foreign Service officer who served as U.S. ambassador toChad 1979 to 1981. He is currently an independent international affairs consultant Innovations of the Chad/Cameroon Pipeline...

... bilateral relations between Athens and Moscow. An analysis is presented of the Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline deal, Greece's participation in the South Stream gas pipeline project, its purchase of Russian tanks, and its more recent strategy of taking a step back from its overall excellent relations...

.... Since the early 2000s, however, Athens has developed a multidimensional policy toward the Black Sea region that deserves to be examined. This policy is based on a combination of hard and soft power resources, including economic might, military diplomacy, pipeline development, public diplomacy...

... competes against a European Union project, while Washington has shown little interest in the Balkans during the Barack Obama administration. The instruments of this rivalry are not only, or even primarily, armies but rather economic-political forces: control of energy pipelines and production, the use...

... Copyright 2018 by Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. Vlcˇek and Jirušek: The Hydrocarbons Sector in Albania 97 • The Burgas- Vlore pipeline (also known as the Albania- Macedonia- Bulgaria Oil pipeline, or AMBO) • The Trans- Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), a gas pipeline extending...

..., and refineries. The concept also includes illegal activities aimed at such facilities, such as the theft of oil or gas from pipelines, extortion, and the funding and support of groups that conduct the attacks. In general, it may be said that energy terrorism is a criminal activity aimed at energy...

... generate or drastically alter these shifts either in a positive or negative sense. There is no “peace pipeline” in the eastern Mediterranean that could solve the region’s problems, and at the same time the discovery and prospective monetization of these reserves has not seriously reduced...

... with the EU and European oil and gas companies and need to secure markets to their exports. In recent months, officials and energy analysts from the EU, Iran, and other countries have explored options. One of them is exporting Iranian gas to Europe via the Trans-­Adriatic Pipeline. Upon completion...

... to strengthen their security of supply, Turkey and the EU are promoting as partners the development of the Southern Gas Corridor.”34 Turkey’s Energy Infrastructure Turkey’s energy infrastructure is also an important factor for the EU’s energy security. There is a series of pipelines that transport...

... to Western investors, it is still very much dependent on Russian pipeline routes, and there are other economic and political depen- dencies. Kazakhstan’s main issues in terms of regional security are its strug- gle to overcome the difficulties arising from dependence on Russia, its legacy as a nuclear...

... to strengthen Israel’s geopolitical position both regionally and globally. For example, Uzi Landau, minister of national infrastructure, supports send- ing some of Israel’s gas to Jordan and the Palestinian territories by pipeline. Other export options under active consideration include shipment of Israeli...

... pipeline that runs along the seabed of the Black Sea and indirectly through an older Western Pipeline whose convoluted route traverses Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, and Bulgaria. Both Russian and EU energy managers see Turkey as a pivotal transit country for their future energy plans. The Turkish...

... in the country’s energy mix and is used mainly in electricity generation, heating buildings, and the industrial sector. Most of the imported gas comes from Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Algeria, Nige- ria, Qatar, and Norway either via pipelines or as liquefied gas.25 The Turkish Straits, which include...

... to establish a pipeline between the countries.38 Israel’s gas claims in the eastern Mediterranean are expansive. Since the first large- scale discovery in 2009, the Israeli gas industry has undergone extreme growth. According to a Congressional Research Service report from 2016, Israel has at least 6.4...

... Minister of Defense Anatoly Serdyukov told the Finnish press that rather than military contacts with Europe becoming more difficult, the dialogue has become more and more constructive. The Russian-Georgian war put the commercial viability of the Baku- Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline into doubt...

... that eventually became independent in the Soviet breakup. The Soviet era also saw a resettling of millions of Russians in the region and the forced adoption of the Russian language. The Soviets pre- ferred to tap into Siberian rather than Central Asian natural fuel resources, and any pipelines coming out...

... issues), the conflict fault lines become clearer (for example, Russia’s military relation- ship with Iran). When the conflict is played out in various regions, the diver- gent interests of major players become even more stark and complex. Pipeline politics in the CSB are illustrative. The United...

... of water from Turkey. This negotiation had been in the works, if not including the pipeline, for some time but was delayed due to differences over pricing and transportation. Most notably among the agree- ments signed was one for having Israeli companies bid on the privatization of Turkish companies...

... in Middle Eastern oil production and transporta- tion overseas; the closing of the Suez Canal, along with Syrian attacks on the Iraqi Petroleum Company’s (IPC) pipelines, had caused chaos and uncer- tainty in the international oil market and very nearly strangled European markets of badly needed...