...Michail Ploumis; Labros E. Pilalis Five years after the Arab uprisings in 2011, countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had difficulties finding their pathway to sustainable economic and political change. Arab oil-producing countries suffered from decreasing oil prices while the Arab...

... the spread of communism were at the heart of security policy, and Saudi Arabia, a large oil-producing country with a small population, looked to the United States to provide a security umbrella for external threats from the Soviets and client radical states. In 1949, the two countries signed...

... and operating costs. Gabon Gabon is a moderately wealthy country with diverse natural resources. It is also currently the third largest producer of oil in the sub-Saharan region. Its reserves are estimated at more than 2.5 billion barrels. Its total production level...

... percent. This sharp decline is particularly significant given the political instability in a number of oil-­producing countries such as Libya and Iraq and the international sanc- tions on the Iranian oil sector. Several years ago these political factors would have pushed prices higher. In 2014...

... their growth on import-oriented and service-based economies. The share of services was higher than 50 percent in non-oil-producing countries, like Egypt, Syria, and Jordan, and more than 65 percent in oil-producing countries (see table 3 and table 4). This type of economy flourished at the expense...

.... Consequently, it is Ndumbe: The International Court of Justice and Border-Conflict Resolution  55 imperative that leaders from oil-producing African countries begin to invest in human resource development, which is an important component of eco- nomic growth. It is hard to understand the lagging...

... producers in the Organiza- tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), respectively. The two nations, along with Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela, created OPEC in 1960 to defend their interests as major oil-­producing countries. Since then, Saudi and Ira- nian oil policies have not always been identical...

... is the commitment of regional states to the sovereignty of the oil-producing countries in the region. If the Iranian objective of shipping Caspian oil to the Persian Gulf is realized, then Russia and Iraq would become engaged in a new alignment to contain the increasing power of Iran in the region, which...

... entered. Moreover, the more Russia enters into the energy market, the more it will have to com- pete with a number of oil-producing countries in the Arab world, where Russia has historically had strong political positions. Will the benefits of the potential oil profits outweigh the drawbacks of worsened...

...-­producing countries in impos- ing an oil embargo on the United States and other countries for their sup- port of Israel. In the mid-­1980s, when Washington refused to sell Riyadh sophisticated weapon systems, the Saudis signed a huge arms deal with Britain. At the same time, a number of US government...

... happens in Iraq, else- where in the Arab world the related problems of the legitimacy of pro-American autocratic regimes, alienated young populations, and a need for stability will remain, particularly in the oil-producing countries and important allies such as Jordan and Egypt. Although...

...J. E. Peterson There have been three economic transformations of the Arab Gulf. Yet the obstacles today remain eerily similar to those of forty years ago. Oil reserves are finite and nonoil resources in the gulf states—minerals, arable land, skilled population, and even capital for some countries...

.... In 2014, it fell to 5.3 thousand barrels per day (bpd).5 In spite of the absolute numbers, however, oil and petroleum products made up 58 percent of the country’s total primary energy supply in 2013, with values hovering around 60 percent over the long term, as well.6 Because it produces its...

... and petroleum products for export. As in many countries, initially the natural gas associated with oil pro- duction was flared. There was neither a market for it nor a network to collect and ship the gas from producing fields. This has changed gradually, and a vibrant gas industry has been established...

...” as part of a regional development program rather than confining itself to a (Chadian) country plan. As for the alleged “inadequacy” of the 5 percent special allocation to the oil- producing region, bank management replied that 5 percent was the amount stipulated in Chadian law and not a question...

... various competing power centers at home, while offering incentives to international oil companies. Second, compared with other producers from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Iran is in a relatively better position to endure low oil prices, due to a smaller share of oil...

...Gregory Hall; Tiara Grant Increasingly, Central Asia, and specifically the Caspian Sea Basin (CSB), is becoming a crowded place, as government officials and oil interests from European Union countries, the United States, Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and elsewhere (including increasingly energy...

... oil imports come from Africa.32 Major oil producers in Africa include Sudan, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea. The economies in these countries are highly dependent on their oil sectors, and oil revenue accounts for large percentages of their governments’ revenues...

... and pipeline projects (including the Caspian Sea, Mediterranean, and Chad-Cameroon projects). Many developing countries see the exploration for and exploitation of oil as an open path to economic liberalization and an opportunity to con- trol...

... petroleum reserves — second in the world — from dollars to euros. This was the first time an OPEC country dared to think of violating the dollar price rule established in the first half of the 1970s. Other oil- and gas-producing countries, such as Iran and Vene­ zuela — although Libya no more — have...