... and the IS in select MENA countries — mainly Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Libya. Terrorism and Terrorist Attacks Targeting the Energy Sector According to Ali Koknar, the concept of terrorism targeting the energy sector is not strictly limited to armed attacks on power plants, oil and gas infra- structure...

... state and a major oil-consuming state to an all time low. A common perception of Saudi Arabia heard in the United States is that it is a corrupt, absolute mon- archy that supports terrorism and provides fi nancial aid to terrorist organiza- tions, denies its people basic democratic freedoms and human...

... the 1940s to 2001 the United States has pursued the twin objectives in the Middle East of political stability to ensure the flow of oil and of the physical and political survival of Israel. Both objectives, though, were jolted by the events of terrorism against the United States on 11 Sep- tember 2001...

... to be lifted. The process of reconciliation finally resulted in the resumption of diplomatic relations in May 2006 and Libya’s removal from the US list of state sponsors of terror- ism in June 2006, which removed the last American economic sanctions. The result was a flood of investment, as oil...

..., including trade in such goods and services as oil equipment, civil aviation services, and the transfer of military goods.44 During the signing ceremony, Clinton asserted that the measure would deny Libya the resources for financing terrorism as well...

... is a radical network of terrorists, and every government that supports them,” and that the war on terrorism “will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.”1 Ostensibly, the only terrorist group with demonstrated...

... the bag in two losing wars of occupation included in a counterproductive general “war on terror.” In both Afghanistan and Iraq, de facto US occupations are fueling Islamist fervor and spiking terrorist attacks and suicide bombings worldwide. In Somalia, the Islamist threat was minimal until...

... organizations. Moscow is also well aware that the battle with international terrorism and the war in Iraq could become the beginning of the UN’s long decline in its present form, which corresponds to historical logic but also, to a large extent, to the desires of U.S. leadership. Any reforms of the UN...

..., it is orchestrating a dramatic rise in maritime insurance premiums and maritime insecurity, disrupting international commerce, increasing the possibility of an environmental disaster, and encouraging a nervous, emerging relationship with terrorism. Piracy must be stopped. To achieve this objective, the authors...

...Frank R. Wolf Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2001 Frank R. Wolf, Republican of Virginia, is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives. MQ 12.4-03 Wolf 10/16/01 1:05 PM Page 27 Sudan: Living in Terror Frank R...

...Gregory Hall; Tiara Grant Increasingly, Central Asia, and specifically the Caspian Sea Basin (CSB), is becoming a crowded place, as government officials and oil interests from European Union countries, the United States, Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and elsewhere (including increasingly energy...

... suggested a lowered priority for the Arab-Israeli issue in the Bush administration. The 11 September attacks raised the profile of terrorist groups and their sponsors, and the “axis of evil” speech called attention to the connections among terrorism, weapons of mass destruction (WMD), rogue states...

...Vincent M. Cannistraro Richard A. Clarke: Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terrorism . New York: Free Press, 2004. 304 pages. ISBN 0-7432-6024-4$27.00. Mediterranean Affairs,Inc. 2004 Vincent M. Cannistraro is former chief of counterintelligence operations and analysis...

... component in the strategy of world domina- tion is access to secure sources of energy in the form of oil and natural gas. To ensure this, asserts Fouskas, “the US has tried to control the production and transportation of oil and gas from Central Asia to the Balkans, and from there, to Western markets...

... that America’s “primacy will whither away” unless Washington possesses “the power strategy to streamline the development of key Eurasian actors according to her [America’s] national interests.” The key component in the strategy of world domina- tion is access to secure sources of energy in the form of oil...

.... Department of State), 20 November 2002. 6. Julian Borger, “Oil and Terrorism Drive the Presidential Tour,” Guardian, 7 July 2003. See also Cambridge Energy Research Information Associates (CERIA), “Potential or Reality: West African Oil and Gas to 2020?” (Cambridge: CERIA, 2002). 7. Paul Maidment...

... for the Next American President  101 exchange for all sorts of goods and services the United States needed to get from other producers. The solution to this situation, however, was found in US oil policy. The Nixon administration realized that if oil trade and the denomi- nation of oil reserves...

... expansion in the Middle East and avoid Soviet threats to the supply of oil to the West. According to the National Security Decision Memorandum 292 dated 22 April 1975, the Ford administration agreed to provide Tehran “with material to be fabricated into fuel in Iran for use in its own reactors...

.... Not accidentally, soon after the launch of the war, Bush declared that the liberation of Iraq and the immense increase in the US defense budget were indispensable components of the struggle against global terrorism. Nevertheless, one could venture that the war was dictated by the exis- tence of huge oil...

... control of President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who has perpetuated his rule through electoral manipulation and political repression.2 With limited oil and natural gas reserves, Kyrgysztan’s economic situation is weak, and the nation has been heavily dependent on Russia. At one time Kyrgyzstan...