...J. E. Peterson There have been three economic transformations of the Arab Gulf. Yet the obstacles today remain eerily similar to those of forty years ago. Oil reserves are finite and nonoil resources in the gulf states—minerals, arable land, skilled population, and even capital for some countries...

... contributes to conditions that are fueling the conflict: foreign administrative control (slave trade and colonialism) of the Niger Delta, which is alien to the indigenous people; the presence of lucrative commodities (oil, palm oil, and timber); and the Niger Delta people's resistance to exploitation...

...-Cameroon Oil Pipeline— Hope for Poverty Reduction? J. Anyu Ndumbe The constant search by the West for alternative suppliers of energy sources has led it to channel billions of dollars toward oil exploration...

...J. Anyu Ndumbe J. Anyu Ndumbe is lecturer at Howard University and assistant editor at Mediterranean Quarterly. Mediterranean Affairs, Inc. 2004 West African Oil, U.S. Energy Policy, and Africa’s Development Strategies J. Anyu Ndumbe...

... is a political columnist for the Boston Herald and Boston Globe and author of Rumpalla: Rummaging through Albania . Albania: Authoritarianism without Oil Fatos Tarifa and Peter Lucas President George W. Bush may have been right when he proclaimed that democracy...

...Michail Ploumis; Labros E. Pilalis Five years after the Arab uprisings in 2011, countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had difficulties finding their pathway to sustainable economic and political change. Arab oil-producing countries suffered from decreasing oil prices while the Arab...

...Theodore C. Kariotis The issue of Cypriot oil seems to be gathering importance, and interested parties are trying to place themselves in positions of advantage. Large oil companies from the United States, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, and Russia seem to be interested in investing...

... for war to take back Nagorno-Karabakh. Due to Azerbaijan’s impending economic and strategic insignificance to the West after the peak of oil production in 2010, Azerbaijan needs to become more realistic in its claim to Nagorno-Karabakh, as its ability to persuade the great powers is set to dwindle...

.... The inclusion of the country and its infrastructure in several gas and oil supply projects in the Balkan Peninsula in recent years, however, has enhanced Albania’s significance. Projected outcomes indicate a fairly poor future for the oil sector but a relatively strong potential for future development...

...Gawdat Bahgat Egypt holds limited proven oil and gas reserves. Increasingly, these hydrocarbon resources cannot meet the country’s rising energy demand. Consequently, Cairo has turned to nuclear and renewable power. In addition, the Egyptian authorities are under heavy pressure to restrain...

...Gawdat Bahgat The sharp drop in oil prices since June 2014 has drastically altered the global energy landscape. This essay examines the growing energy cooperation between Iran and Turkey and the strategic and economic implications for Europe. It argues that the emerging energy partnership between...

...Gregory Hall; Tiara Grant Increasingly, Central Asia, and specifically the Caspian Sea Basin (CSB), is becoming a crowded place, as government officials and oil interests from European Union countries, the United States, Russia, China, Iran, Turkey, and elsewhere (including increasingly energy...

... bilateral relations between Athens and Moscow. An analysis is presented of the Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline deal, Greece's participation in the South Stream gas pipeline project, its purchase of Russian tanks, and its more recent strategy of taking a step back from its overall excellent relations...

... by the IS in selected MENA countries. Terrorist Attacks on the Energy Sector: A Strategic Instrument of the Islamic State in the Middle East and North Africa Lukáš Tichý The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, which contains 60 per- cent of global oil reserves and 40 percent of global natural gas...

... that have not received overtures from China. China is a fast-growing economic, military, and political actor on the world stage, with an ever-increasing demand for all kinds of resources — including oil, timber, and minerals — to fuel its voracious industrial appetite. As such, China leads...

... Project: Thinking Outside the Box Donald R. Norland Its a telling commentary on our time that nations can be propelled from obscurity to prominence by the simple announcement that oil deposits have been discovered on their territory. Such has been the case in Chad where...

... Conditions, and Future Prospects David E. Long Since the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Towers and the Pentagon on 11 September 2001, US-Saudi relations have plummeted from being one of the closest and most durable bilateral relationships between a major oil-producing...

... to the incontrovertible and massively destructive realities of oil development in Sudan. It must do all this with an appropriate sense of urgency and with high-level leadership. The ongoing destruction and displacement of the Nuer and Dinka people of the oil regions and elsewhere in the south is nothing less than...

... restrain a more aggres- sive US policy and contribute to strong Iranian economic recovery. Still, less tense US-­Iran relations during the Trump administration cannot be ruled out. Iran’s proven oil reserves are the world’s third largest after Saudi Arabia and Canada, while its natural gas...

... clashes, intra-Arab prob- lems, civil wars, and intense competition for oil and water. There will be major variables defining the future of security in the region even if the Arab- Israeli peace process ends with real success. Economic and development trends in the Middle Eastern countries also...