...Gawdat Bahgat Since the early 2000s Iran's nuclear program has been a major focus of international and regional policy. Many policy makers and scholars have expressed their concern that if Iran “goes nuclear” other Middle Eastern countries, particularly Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, will follow...

...Mohamed A. El-Khawas 2005 Mohamed A. El-Khawas is professor of history and political science at the University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC. He is the author of several books and numerous articles on the Middle East. Iran’s Nuclear Controversy...

... have reached the end of the line in terms of Russian support for the United States regarding Iranian proliferation of nuclear weapons. Though Russia clearly opposes Iranian nuclearization, it does not regard this as nearly as great a threat as does the United States, and the evidence is quite...

...Kenneth B. Moss The planned deployment of ballistic missile defense systems in Poland and a radar system in the Czech Republic to defend against possible attack from Iran has stirred strong opposition from Moscow. Concern about Iran's nuclear-enrichment program is legitimate, but the United States...

..., and intentions are poorly understood. Many intelligence professionals consider Iran to be the hardest intelligence target in the world. Solid intelligence does exist about the regime's nuclear program, as reported in the 2007 Iran National Intelligence Estimate. There is no evidence that Iran has decided...

...Gawdat Bahgat Egypt holds limited proven oil and gas reserves. Increasingly, these hydrocarbon resources cannot meet the country’s rising energy demand. Consequently, Cairo has turned to nuclear and renewable power. In addition, the Egyptian authorities are under heavy pressure to restrain...

... established regimes the space they need to sort out their futures. Meanwhile, Washington should further strengthen relations with the non-Arab Middle Eastern “peripheries,” specifically, Israel and Turkey. Also, the nuclear deal signed between Iran and major global powers in November 2013 provides...

...Philip Giraldi Iran poses two fundamental challenges to the United States. First is its alleged program to develop a nuclear weapon, which is currently being negotiated and which might be managed and contained through concerted international action. Second, and more threatening in the long term...

...Robert J. Pranger The Obama administration seems to have given considerable attention to the diplomatic idea of resetting various areas of US foreign policy. As Iran and Israel move toward possible war over regional hegemony with each other—a conflict that looms sooner rather than later—nuclear...

...Philip Giraldi Washington is confronted by a number of policy issues relating to Iran, most prominently Tehran's nuclear program and the country's role in the region. There is no good US policy fix for dealing with the situation, but the regular invocation by Washington of a military option...

... powers' refusal to allow modifications. Obama had further success in June 2010, when the UN Security Council imposed new sanctions on Iran. In addition, the United States and the European Union imposed sanctions of their own. Whatever happens in the future, Iran does not seem ready to give up its nuclear...

... of countries Americans would least like to see have nuclear weapons, and the reason for apprehension has deep- ened dramatically in the past year with the election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Iran under the mullahs has always been a weird and omi- nous country, but the weirdness quotient has...

..., California: Stanford University Press, 2012. 552 pages. ISBN 978-­080477-­601-­1. $99.75 (hardcover). Reviewed by Ehsan M. Ahrari. The decisions by each of China, India, and Pakistan to develop nuclear weapons was the outcome of threats of attack and humiliation. In the case of China...

... by Ehsan M. Ahrari. The decisions by each of China, India, and Pakistan to develop nuclear weapons was the outcome of threats of attack and humiliation. In the case of China, it was the threat of nuclear attack by the United States in the 1950s. India developed its nuclear weap- ons in order never...

... to Western investors, it is still very much dependent on Russian pipeline routes, and there are other economic and political depen- dencies. Kazakhstan’s main issues in terms of regional security are its strug- gle to overcome the difficulties arising from dependence on Russia, its legacy as a nuclear...

... in certain issues while [they] remain suspicious of each other in others.”4 On 20 April 2006, when Hu met Bush at the White House, they spent most of their time discussing the bilateral trade deficit and the Iranian and North Korean nuclear crises. Bush has repeatedly called both Iran and North...

... of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and states’ defiance of nonproliferation efforts have been astonishing. Major regional contenders have advanced their nuclear and chemical weapons cache for balance-of-power and other geostrategic reasons, thereby causing a security dilemma. In some cases...

... administration has struggled incoherently with the pressing question of how to deal with Iran and its assumed secret policy of developing a nuclear-weapons capability. Until recently the prevailing analy­ sis promoted by Vice President Dick Cheney, neoconservative ideologues, and pro-Israeli lobbying...

... Russia and China are vehemently opposed to U.S. development of NMD/ TMD; both have minced no words that such a decision will only trigger a nuclear arms race in Europe and East Asia, since these defensive systems will negatively affect the extant nuclear...

... nuclear power. For decades nuclear power has been seen as a nonintermittent and readily expandable source of energy. However, the industry faces daunting challenges and risks that need to be addressed. The list includes high construction costs, safety, waste, and the close connec- tion between...